Скачать презентацию Introduction to Ultrasonic Testing SD 218 Michael Скачать презентацию Introduction to Ultrasonic Testing SD 218 Michael

Introduction_of_UT_Testing_.ppt

  • Количество слайдов: 72

Introduction to Ultrasonic Testing SD 218 © Michael Berke Agfa NDT Gmb. H, Hürth, Introduction to Ultrasonic Testing SD 218 © Michael Berke Agfa NDT Gmb. H, Hürth, Germany 1994 - 2002

Straight beam probe housing socket dampingblock matchingelement crystal protecting face (probe delay) workpiece Sound Straight beam probe housing socket dampingblock matchingelement crystal protecting face (probe delay) workpiece Sound pulse Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Angle beam probe damping blocks housing socket perspex wedge (probe delay) workpiece crystal Sound Angle beam probe damping blocks housing socket perspex wedge (probe delay) workpiece crystal Sound pulse Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

3 Sound field N = near field length near field far field = angle 3 Sound field N = near field length near field far field = angle of divergence acoustical axis (central beam) Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw detection Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Flaw detection Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw detection 10 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 20 30 40 Flaw detection 10 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 20 30 40

Flaw detection 10 20 30 40 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Flaw detection 10 20 30 40 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Bad flaw orientation Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Bad flaw orientation Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Improper flaw location crack Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Improper flaw location crack Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Angle reflection 10 crack Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 20 30 40 Angle reflection 10 crack Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 20 30 40

Angle reflection Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Angle reflection Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Vertical, near surface flaw 10 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 20 30 40 Vertical, near surface flaw 10 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 20 30 40

Tandem technique (top) a 1 T 5 10 15 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 15 Tandem technique (top) a 1 T 5 10 15 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 15 R

Tandem technique (middle) a 2 T 5 10 15 5 10 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Tandem technique (middle) a 2 T 5 10 15 5 10 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 15 R

Tandem technique (bottom) a 3 T 5 10 15 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems R Tandem technique (bottom) a 3 T 5 10 15 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems R

Improper flaw orientation 10 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 20 30 40 Improper flaw orientation 10 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 20 30 40

Perfect flaw orientation 10 20 30 40 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Perfect flaw orientation 10 20 30 40 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw detectability with improper flaw orientation reflected sound waves 5 10 15 sound beam Flaw detectability with improper flaw orientation reflected sound waves 5 10 15 sound beam flat defect Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw distance s Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Flaw distance s Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Principle of transit time measurement finish signal (echo) transmitter start signal (pulse) Stopwatch probe Principle of transit time measurement finish signal (echo) transmitter start signal (pulse) Stopwatch probe transit time measurement sound transit path work piece Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

CRT / A-scan display 0 2 4 6 8 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 10 CRT / A-scan display 0 2 4 6 8 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 10

Priciple, transmission pulse transmitter transmission pulse sound wave starts at crystal work piece probe Priciple, transmission pulse transmitter transmission pulse sound wave starts at crystal work piece probe light point 0 2 4 6 8 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 10

Priciple, sound wave in the workpiece transmitter sound wave work piece probe 0 2 Priciple, sound wave in the workpiece transmitter sound wave work piece probe 0 2 4 6 8 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 10

Priciple, sound pulse at the back wall transmitter work piece probe 0 2 4 Priciple, sound pulse at the back wall transmitter work piece probe 0 2 4 6 8 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 10

Priciple, sound pulse at the coupling surface transmitter work piece probe 0 2 4 Priciple, sound pulse at the coupling surface transmitter work piece probe 0 2 4 6 8 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 10

Priciple, echo display and 2 nd run transmitter work piece probe back wall echo Priciple, echo display and 2 nd run transmitter work piece probe back wall echo 0 2 4 6 8 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 10

Probe delay 2 electrical zero (initial pulse) 4 6 mechanical zero (surface) crystal probe Probe delay 2 electrical zero (initial pulse) 4 6 mechanical zero (surface) crystal probe protecting face Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 8 10

Probe delay electical zero (initial pulse) 0 probe 2 delay (wedge) sound wave work Probe delay electical zero (initial pulse) 0 probe 2 delay (wedge) sound wave work piece Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 4 6 8 10 mechanical zero (surface)

Flaw location and echo display flaw work piece probe back wall echo flaw echo Flaw location and echo display flaw work piece probe back wall echo flaw echo 0 2 4 6 8 10 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location and echo display flaw work piece probe back wall echo flaw echo Flaw location and echo display flaw work piece probe back wall echo flaw echo 0 2 4 6 8 10 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location and echo display flaw work piece probe flaw echo 0 2 back Flaw location and echo display flaw work piece probe flaw echo 0 2 back wall echo 4 6 8 10 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location and echo display flaw work piece probe back wall echo flaw echo Flaw location and echo display flaw work piece probe back wall echo flaw echo covered by initial pulse 0 2 4 6 8 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 10

Flaw location and echo display flaw work piece probe back wall echo: without with Flaw location and echo display flaw work piece probe back wall echo: without with flaw 0 2 4 6 8 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 10

Flaw location and echo display flaw work piece probe flaw echo sequence 0 2 Flaw location and echo display flaw work piece probe flaw echo sequence 0 2 4 6 8 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 10

Dead zone dead zone 0 2 4 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 6 8 10 Dead zone dead zone 0 2 4 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 6 8 10

Longitudinal wave length direction of osscillation direction of propagation Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Longitudinal wave length direction of osscillation direction of propagation Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Transverse wave length direction of osscillation direction of propagation Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Transverse wave length direction of osscillation direction of propagation Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Relection and refraction L L reflected wave incident wave L medium 1 medium 2 Relection and refraction L L reflected wave incident wave L medium 1 medium 2 refracted wave L Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems L

Angle beam probe with both wave types 10 20 30 40 L T possible Angle beam probe with both wave types 10 20 30 40 L T possible flaw locations 0 2 4 6 8 10 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Longitudinal surface wave L reflected wave incident wave perspex steel = 1 = 27. Longitudinal surface wave L reflected wave incident wave perspex steel = 1 = 27. 5° T = 33. 3° L = 90° L L T refracted waves T Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

45° transverse wave in steel L reflected wave incident wave perspex steel refracted transverse 45° transverse wave in steel L reflected wave incident wave perspex steel refracted transverse wave T = 36. 4° T = 45° Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems T

Transverse surface wave L reflected wave incident wave surface wave perspex steel T = Transverse surface wave L reflected wave incident wave surface wave perspex steel T = 2 = 57° T = 90° Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems O

Total reflection L reflected wave incident wave perspex steel total reflection > 57° Krautkramer Total reflection L reflected wave incident wave perspex steel total reflection > 57° Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Ranges for incident waves 27, 5° L 57° perspex 90° steel T 33, 3° Ranges for incident waves 27, 5° L 57° perspex 90° steel T 33, 3° Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Near surface detectability with angle beam pobes 10 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 20 Near surface detectability with angle beam pobes 10 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 20

TR-probe / dual crystal probe transmitter socket acoustical barrier receiver socket damping blocks crystal TR-probe / dual crystal probe transmitter socket acoustical barrier receiver socket damping blocks crystal delay Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Probe delay with TR-probes BE IP 0 2 4 TR-probe work piece Krautkramer NDT Probe delay with TR-probes BE IP 0 2 4 TR-probe work piece Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 6 8 10

Cross talk at high gain BE IP flaw echo cross talk echo 0 2 Cross talk at high gain BE IP flaw echo cross talk echo 0 2 4 TR-probe 6 8 flaw Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 10

Range calibration 0 0 2 4 6 50 8 10 div. 100 mm steel, Range calibration 0 0 2 4 6 50 8 10 div. 100 mm steel, L Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Calibration block 1 with angle beam probes 5 15 10 0 m m 70° Calibration block 1 with angle beam probes 5 15 10 0 m m 70° 10 60° 45° Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

1 st echo from circular section 5 10 15 0 2 4 100 mm 1 st echo from circular section 5 10 15 0 2 4 100 mm Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 6 8 10

Echo sequence from 100 mm radius 5 10 15 0 2 4 6 8 Echo sequence from 100 mm radius 5 10 15 0 2 4 6 8 10 100 mm 200 mm 300 mm Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

25 mm radius of calibration block 2 this wave will be absorbed ! s 25 mm radius of calibration block 2 this wave will be absorbed ! s 1 = 25 mm s 2 = 100 mm s 3 = 175 mm etc. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

50 mm radius of calibration block 2 s 1 = 50 mm s 2 50 mm radius of calibration block 2 s 1 = 50 mm s 2 = 125 mm s 3 = 200 mm etc. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

100 mm range calibration on K 2 5 10 15 0 0 Krautkramer NDT 100 mm range calibration on K 2 5 10 15 0 0 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 2 4 6 8 10 100 mm steel

Flaw loaction s = sound path k = scale factor R = screen reading Flaw loaction s = sound path k = scale factor R = screen reading s = k • R 0 15 10 5 s work piece reflector Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 2 4 6 8 10

Flaw location with angle beam probes projection point Sound entry point Flaw location with angle beam probes projection point Sound entry point "flaw triangle" a ß d s ß = probe angle s = sound path a = surface distance d = depth a = s • sin ß d = s • cos ß ß Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems flaw location

Flaw location with angle beam probes x 15 10 a a = surface distance Flaw location with angle beam probes x 15 10 a a = surface distance a' = reduced surface distance x = x-value = distance: index point front edge of probe a' 5 s work piece d reflector Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location with an angle beam probe on a plate a 15 T 10 Flaw location with an angle beam probe on a plate a 15 T 10 5 s d = apparent depth apparent flaw location Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location with an angle beam probe on a plate d' = apparent depth Flaw location with an angle beam probe on a plate d' = apparent depth d = real depth T = work piece thickness a = s • sin d‘ = s • cos d = 2 T - d a 15 T 10 5 s d real flaw location d' apparent flaw location Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Large defects parallel to the scanning surface Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Large defects parallel to the scanning surface Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Scanning the edge of the defect Flaw echo drops to 50% of its maximum Scanning the edge of the defect Flaw echo drops to 50% of its maximum value Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Determination of the defect area probe position with echo amplitude reduced to 50 % Determination of the defect area probe position with echo amplitude reduced to 50 % delamination "half value" positions Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw sizes and echo amplitudes R IP 0 2 4 6 BE 8 10 Flaw sizes and echo amplitudes R IP 0 2 4 6 BE 8 10 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems R IP 0 2 4 6 BE 8 10

Flaw distances and echo amplitudes IP 0 R 2 BE 4 IP 0 6 Flaw distances and echo amplitudes IP 0 R 2 BE 4 IP 0 6 R 2 4 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 10 BE 6 IP 0 8 8 10 R BE 2 4 6 8 10

Distance amplitude curves on the CRT screen B 4 S 6 m m BE Distance amplitude curves on the CRT screen B 4 S 6 m m BE 3 mm 0 100 F 4 mm 200 300 400 500 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Defect evaluation by comparison - 1 instrument gain: G = 34 d. B F Defect evaluation by comparison - 1 instrument gain: G = 34 d. B F IP BE 80 % F 0 2 4 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 6 8 10

Defect evaluation by comparison - 2 R IP 0 instrument gain: 2 34 d. Defect evaluation by comparison - 2 R IP 0 instrument gain: 2 34 d. B Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 4 6 BE 8 10

Defect evaluation by comparison - 3 RE BE IP + 8 d. B 0 Defect evaluation by comparison - 3 RE BE IP + 8 d. B 0 instrument gain: 2 42 d. B Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 4 6 8 10

Distance amplitude curve (DAC) Echo Position 1 10 20 30 2 40 10 20 Distance amplitude curve (DAC) Echo Position 1 10 20 30 2 40 10 20 3 30 40 10 20 1 2 3 4 4 30 40 10 20 30 40 0 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 2 4 6 8 10

DAC and TCG time corrected gain DAC 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 DAC and TCG time corrected gain DAC 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 4 6 8 10