Introduction to Social Welfare and Social Work The

Introduction to Social Welfare and Social Work: The US in Global Perspective Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Katherine van Wormer University of Northern Iowa 1

Introduction - Chapter 1 l l 2 Uniqueness of social work Social work core values: service, social justice, dignity and worth of person, importance of human relationships, integrity, competence

Uniqueness of Social Work continued l l l 3 Person-in-environment Mission—social action to promote social change--IFSW Licensing Social Context—generalist practice Value based criteria Global role

Reasons for International Focus l l l 4 Ever shrinking world Increasing international similarities Leadership in NGOs Perspective from other nations Innovative approaches

Knowledge for International Work l l l 5 Employment options “International” domestic work--refugees Influencing global policies through UN

Terms and Concepts l l Social welfare state l Social work and sociology, psychology, counseling l 6 Social welfare—”well being”--nation’s system of programs, benefits, etc. Third World/developing country/Global South/nonindustrialized country

Terms continued l Functionalism – – l l Regulating the Poor—Piven and Cloward Power—Max Weber – – 7 Manifest and latent functions Examples—car, military haircut, imprisonment Orwell— 1984 ”who controls the past controls the future; who controls the present controls the past” Power elite

Terms continued l l l Globalization—social, educational, economic Empowerment Perspective Culture and cultural competence--ethnocentrism Ecosystems Theory--Interactionism Prejudice—unjustified negative attitudes – – l 8 Allport--outgroups Adorno—F scale—obedience most important, displaced aggression Blaming the victim as defense mechanism

Terms continued l l l 9 Empowerment Our social work imagination—micro (family work) and macro practice Critical thinking—put social policies in perspective, awareness of media bias

CHAPTER 2 American Social Values and International Social Work 10

US Value Orientations l 11 Work versus leisure Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Creed of Calvinism US--2, 000 hours per year, Germany--1, 500 impact of welfare reform Korea and work ethic France—leisure a top value

US Values—equal opportunity vs. equality l l l “The American dream”—”rags to riches” Immigrant success stories Scandinavian value of equality, not opportunity – l l l 12 Family allowances here and in other industrialized nations Wilensky & Lebeaux—residually based (safety net) society versus institutionally based Means-tested—TANF and stigma Globalization—impact of competition

Values: Mobility vs. Stability – – 13 Thom Hartmann’s hypothesis of genetic traits from hunter vs farmer societies and ADD Americans as seen by foreigners

Competition Vs Cooperation l l l 14 Personal achievement as happiness--survey Egalitarianism—”probably the best beer in town” compared to American ads Family socialization into values

Individualism Vs Collectivism l l l 15 Conformists Japanese homogeneity American individualism Collectivism in Norway and Japan Progressive periods in US history compared to conservative times

Independence Vs Interconnectedness l l 16 Independence & individualism in U. S. Interconnectedness & indigenous culture— First Nations People

Materialism Vs Spirituality l l l 17 Materialism Alternative values Prevalence of religion in America—surveys comparing US and European attitudes

Nuclear Vs Extended Family l l 18 Kinship arrangements in industrialized world —marriage as union between families African- and Latino- American cultural perspectives

Moralism Vs Compassion l l 19 Moralism and US society, the most unique US value Social values and social policy International policy Imprisonment in the US and Norway

Social Work Values and American Values l l Altruism l Core values of social work—service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence l 20 Social work mission to enhance human well-being, How these values compare or contrast to American values

International Descriptions l l l 21 Guam—cultural clash, indigenous population, woman power Chile—under socialist government and after CIA back military coup, social workers “disappeared”, structural adjustments required by world banks Caribbean—structural adjustments—Jamaica and global realities South Korea—positive experience with globalization, over 100 social work departments, male dominance Cuba—health care services, social workers work in needy communities Canada—impact of global market, NAFTA, cutbacks, universal health care

CHAPTER 3 Emergence of Social Work 22

Introduction – Chapt. 3 l l 23 Drawing from Glasgow, Scotland museum— Heatherbank Museum of Social Work, “Houseless Poor Asylum” Social work goes back to Middle Ages and social welfare.

European Milestones l l l Norman Conquest, 1066 and feudalism, unity of England under law Black Death, 1348 and scapegoating of minority groups (“witches”)and labor shortage Role of technologies a theme, people moved to cities for work, affected family life Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther and Henry VIII Elizabethan Poor Law 1601, religious dissenters left for New World – l l 24 First poor law—poor relief for deserving, parents responsible, workhouse New Poor Law 1834—moral view of poverty Inflluence of Dickens, Karl Marx (1848)

Colonial America l l l 25 Puritans and theology Individualism, limited government and separation of church and state No large class of landless people Weak central government Indentured servants, slavery of persons of color US Constitution and human rights

Informal and Formal Helping l l l l 26 Poor Helping Poor—slavery and mutual aid Farmers Church Formal aid Dorothea Dix Civil War Freedmen’s Bureau Europe: A Contrast—social insurance in Germany

Industrial Growth in the U. S. l l l l 27 Agriculture to Industry Depression of 1870 s Paradigm shifts in times of national hardship Origins of social work Charity Organization Societies Settlement houses Hull House and Jane Addams Mary Richmond

Social Work as a Profession l l Flexner and Freudian Influence Casework The Great Depression—a paradigm shift, Piven and Cloward New Deal—Harry Hopkins and Francis Perkins under Roosevelt – l l 28 Public Works Administration, Social Security Act Women’s leadership in social work, 1910 -1955 European Influence

From 1950 s to Today l l l 29 Mc. Carthy era, 1950 s Bertha Reynolds—her education in psychoanalytical theory and her union work, fired from Smith College but honored today 1960 s, Civil Rights Movement, a paradigm shift, war on poverty and war in Vietnam New Conservatism Self Assessment

Has Social Work Lost Its Mission? l l Unfaithful Angels: How Social Work Has Abandoned Its Mission—Specht & Courtney (1994) Their Arguments – – – l van Wormer’s arguments that social work has not lost its mission: – – – – 30 Professionalism Private practice, Loss of idealism Writings and policies of social work Idealism of students shown in surveys CSWE requirements and social work ethics has radicalized Multicultural education Feminist influence Empowerment perspective—theme of textbooks in the field Global awareness The fact that Specht and Courtney have raised the issue

Chapter 4 Economic Oppression 31

Introduction – Chapter 4 l l l 32 Eisenhower quote about money spent on the military Economic oppression inextricably linked with social and racial oppression. Socially oppressed are often poor. Impoverished people worldwide not necessarily oppressed. “Trickle down theory”

Nature of Oppression l l l 33 Exploitation Marginalization—lack of rights of full citizenship Structural violence

Poverty Worldwide l l l 34 Relative poverty Absolute poverty— 75% of world’s population live in poor nations Global hunger—southern hemisphere and western--Haiti

Explanations for Existence of Poverty l Functions of poverty—Gans – – – l l l 35 Assure society’s dirty work is done Low wages Jobs for those who serve the poor Buyers for old goods Scapegoating Control their votes Dysfunctions Global economy and trade imbalances Overpopulation—literacy for women tied to birth control War as cause of poverty—loss of young life, land destroyed Inadequate welfare benefits as cause of poverty

Poverty and Globalization l l l l 36 IMF rules—structural adjustment, loans for military expenditures Free trade agreements—Wal-Mart in Mexico, privatization, processed food WTO regulations 80% of world’s income in the richest 20% of the world’s nations Brazil—poor receive 7 % of GNP Job loss—see text photo of homeless man Empire theory—US media empire, pre-emptive strikes, loss of national industries

Work In A Global Era l l 37 Computer jobs in Bangalore, India China and cheap exports EU and leveling of standards, soon to be 25 nations Productivity up, employment and wages down

Work in the US l l l Downsizing, privatization, outsourcing, cost-efficiency, productivity Wal-Mart’s strategies The End of Work--Rifkin – – l l l UN Declaration and work as a right (Article 23, see Appendix) Worker stress—lack of loyalty Mc. Donaldization of Society --Ritzer–Fast Food Nation – – – 38 New technologies More work and fewer workers Brain work out of fast food work Standardization of product Pseudo-friendliness and processed food Speed and efficiency Tyson—dangerous work, lawsuits

Work, continued l Impact on family—”two income trap” – – – 39 Korea— 55 hours work per week, US 46 Italy--40 vacation days, French--36, US— 12 Advice on business customs in Sweden—Fridays deserted, summer close down in July, late afternoons they think of going home

Work, continued l l l 40 Agriculture—cash crops High suicide rate among American farmers Nickel and Dimed—Ehrenreich’s story Forced overtime work, use of drugs like meth Worker’s Rights Mobilization Unemployment—not outsourcing but “productivity” the big problem—new technologies, loss of health benefits

Strategies to End Poverty l l 41 Earned income tax credits—acceptable because rewards workers Treatment for substance abuse and mental disorders needed Need for more, better paying jobs Kensington Welfare Rights Union—New Freedom Bus Ride, UN Declaration

CHAPTER 5 Social Oppression 42

Introduction – Chapter 5 l l l 43 Look at forms of institutionally based oppression The “isms” Dominant group and privilege and target group

Classism l l l l 44 Definition Institutional Classism Class & Success Poverty Distribution of wealth—gap rich and poor within countries and between countries Box 5: 1—Where Your Income Tax Money Really Goes— www. warresisters. org Poverty line--$18, 810 family of 4, 12. 5% in poverty War against the poor—lack of living wage l l l Food stamp reductions Welfare reform Welfare for the rich – – – Tax policy Tax cuts—stockholders Top taxable rate— 33%, was 50%1981

Racism l l l 45 Definition—a form of racial oppression based on the color of one’s skin or distinctive or imagined physical features Global racism—Roma, Dalits Welfare racism, “us and them” Welfare Reform Racism & unemployment—loss of manufacturing jobs

Sexism and the Feminization of Poverty l l l l 46 Families below poverty line, 37% female headed Feminization of poverty, women’s income— 76 cents on the dollar compared to men’s, elderly women in poverty Female unemployment, child care Causes Worldwide—lack of education for girls Education Migration

Heterosexism l l l 47 Definition—the belief that gays and lesbians are inferior to heterosexuals Homophobia—a fear factor Suicide of gender non-conforming children Lesbians—homophobia linked to sexism and anti-feminism backlash Hate crimes Marital rights

Sectarianism l l l 48 Definition—bigotry in following doctrine od one’s own sect Fundamentalism—U. S. , Islamism, Northern Ireland Religious oppression Displaced aggression Box 5. 2—a tour of the U. S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

Ethnocentrism l l Definition War, insecurity and foreigners Economics & Migration Latinos: Demographic facts – – – l l 49 11% have a BA 25. 6% poverty rate Prospects improve for children Low infant mortality Poor working conditions Cultural factors--kinship Anti-immigrant harassment against Arabs—against mosques, by government--detainees

CHAPTER 6 Human Rights & Restorative Justice 50

Introduction – Chapter 6 l l l Refer to the photo that opens this chapter—same sex marriage in Portland Concepts social justice and human rights—NASW, IFSW endorsement History of passage of Universal Declaration of Human Rights – – 51 Nuremberg war crimes trial Eleanor Roosevelt 1948 3 parts—civil and legal rights (against cruel and unusual punishment), economic rights, cultural rights

The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights l l 52 Social work and international law Box 6. 1, On Human Rights Amnesty International—rights a standard in wartime as well as peacetime US refusal to join International Criminal Court

Human Rights Violations Worldwide l l 53 National security as diversion from rights enforcement Responding to terror with terror Genocide throughout the world—ICC to address this Rape in war—Brownmiller, rape as an instrument of war, in most wars and slavery

Violations of Women Domestically l l l 54 U. N. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Conservative reluctance to ratify by Senate International violence Domestic violence Honor killing— 300 in Pakistan in one year

Gays, Lesbians & Human Rights l l l 55 Lack of official human rights documents International intolerance Military duty Marriage rights worldwide—full rights in the Netherlands, Belgium, most of Canada Partner benefits in many European countries

Criminal Justice in the U. S. l Individual rights and punitive tradition – – l l 56 Absence of prevention such as strict gun control Lack of strict media censorship against violence Puritan influence Rehabilitation—strong in 1970 s

Criminal Justice Data l Criminal Justice Statistics, see Box 6. 2 – – – l l l 57 Homicide—guns use in 66% Male victims killed by strangers, not female Over 1, 000 women and 440 men killed by an intimate partner in 2000 (author’s theory about women’s shelters) Crime rate vs incarceration rate Handgun deaths— (2003) 151 in Canada, 19 in Japan, over 11, 000 in the US Corrections— 2 million in prison

War on Drugs l l 58 Origins—Ronald Reagan Zero tolerance of drugs associated with poor people, a form of prohibition 6% of prisoners are women, big increase in women and minorities, conspiracy drug laws European Approach—harm reduction

Human Rights Violations of Prisoners l l l l 59 Prison labor as involuntary servitude U. S. & International Standards Privatization & The Incarceration Industry Men in prison—abuses, horror stories, rape as power plays, suicide attempts by rape victims Women in prison—sexual abuse scandals, strip searches, pregnancies, reports by NGOs Death penalty—most in China, about 70 a year in the US, abolished in all democracies except for India, Japan, US $2 million per execution, 90% involved white victims in study, flaws in deterrence theory, execution as an attraction to some suicidal persons

Restorative Justice l l 60 Influence of First Nations People and Mennonites in Canada Starts with victim Contrasts with conventional criminal justice but may follow criminal justice process, supported by UN Reconciliation 3 key models—victim offender mediation, family group counseling, reparations

CHAPTER 7 Human Behavior & The Social & Physical Environment 61

Introduction – Chapter 7 l l l Uniting policy and practice Importance of understanding both behavior and context Concepts of HBSE – – 62 Ecosystems theory Bio-psycho-social-spiritual model Sustainability Person-in-environment

The Physical Environment l l l 63 Silent Spring-- Rachel Carson Human growth and development Environmental crisis “War against nature” and Mother Earth concepts Eco-feminism War and the environment

The Physical Environment continued l l l 64 Air—China, Eastern Europe Soil—farming practices Water—lack of access to safe water Environmental racism Promising developments—mass transportation, wind energy

Biological Component in Human Behavior l l l 65 Physiological dimension Interaction mind and body Exposure in the womb Genetic factors Biochemical abnormalities--neurotransmitters

Psychological Domain Human behavior from point of individual l – – l l l l 66 Trauma Resilience Developmental stages Erikson—trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, etc. Maslow—meeting physiological needs, safety, belongingness and love, self-esteem, self-actualization Bettleheim’s (1943)concentration camp study—final adjustment to life in the camp Kidnap victims and hostage situations Battered women and psychological impact of powerlessness PTSD and war

Social Components in Human Behavior l l l 67 In wartime—tell people they are being attacked to mobilize troops—Goering, former Nazi Poem, “Closure” The family and addiction

The Spiritual Realm l l 68 Deep-ecology—people a part of nature--and social work Sense of purpose and meaning Spirituality and social work practice Strengths perspective

CHAPTER 8 Child Welfare 69

Introduction – Chapt. 8 l l 70 Definition—child welfare used here as general treatment of children by society Images from around the world—Romanian orphanages, missing girls in China, children in war zones

History of Childhood and Child Welfare l l l 71 Treatment of children reflects society’s values Cruelty England France Egalitarianism—special laws for juveniles 13 th Century Norway, later child welfare act, 1896 Baby raffle in France, 1912, Canada aboriginal children sent away US—primary responsibility rests with parents

U. N. Convention on the Rights of the Child l Passed by UN, 1989 – – – l l l 72 Right to due process Right to protection from violence Right to health and nutrition Norway revised policies to give child legal rights in hearings, Sweden and Canada United States and non-ratification. Only Somalia refused to sign also UNICEF—UN Children’s Fund, State of the World’s Children

Child Poverty l l l l 73 One in six US children in poverty Poverty and working parents Childcare TANF Homelessness Mothers incarcerated for drugs Effects of welfare reform

Exploitation of Children l l 74 Child labor compared to child work which is for child’s development 250 million children in sweatshops worldwide Child prostitution Southeast Asia Child soldiers—Uganda, other African countries where there is civil war

Child Abuse & Neglect l l l 75 Genital mutilation— 137 million women have been so brutalized—Sudan, Egypt, Ghana, cause of AIDS Other global forms of child violence— 116. 9 males to 100 females in China

Child abuse and neglect in the U. S. – – – – 76 NASW opposes all physical punishment of children 1, 400 children died from abuse and neglect in 2002; 168 had contact with authorities Need for smaller caseloads Sexual abuse—priest abuse of boys and girls, thousands of cases Over 90% of child molesters are males A factor in early teenage pregnancy Incest—difficult social work options

Reasons the CW System Fails Children l l l 77 Lack of necessary provisions for welfare workers; need for substance abuse treatment options Sweden—state interventions, adequate housing, child care, health care Connections between poverty, abuse and neglect

Promising Developments l l 78 Kinship care Shared family care Other empowering approaches—villages with family care, family partnerships School programming

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l Gay and lesbian school youth Box 8. 1: Protecting GLBT Youth – – – l What schools can do: – – – 80 Hate crimes, bullying at school Suicide Religious upbringing may be a problem Participation in unsafe sex, drug use Jock culture of school Lack of role models Roles for social workers Anti-bullying programs Protect rights Hire out of the closet gay and lesbian teachers Work with PFLAG

CHAPTER 9 Health/Mental Health Care 81

Introduction – Chapt. 9 l l 82 Global Context WHO

Overview of World Health l l l 83 Headlines—HIV/AIDS--40 million orphans, TB Plague in Russia, Malaria kills 3, 000 per day Top 3 Deadly Diseases—malaria, AIDS, TB Rarity of universal health care AIDS—one in 4 adults infected in some countries Global Gag Rule by US on health—family planning-aid Maternal mortality

Health Care in the U. S. l l 84 Service and profit – prevention vs treatment Medicare and Medicaid—decimated to cut costs, limit doctors’ payments Managing health care costs— 15% of GDP Treatment disparities by class and race, 15% of Americans uninsured, lobbying by pharmaceuticals—over $21 million. Drug prices rise by 17% per year

US Health Care continued l l l 85 US spends 3 times Canada’s amount on administration costs US 13 th in infant mortality rates and 17 th in life expectancy Best states: Vermont, Hawaii, Maine, Minnesota Box 9. 1: Social Work in the ER Marketing disease and treatment—cosmetic surgery, big business AMA doctors called for nationalized health care

Physical Disability l l l Definition—any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the normal range Anti-discrimination legislation in U. S. —Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990—accessibility Challenges for persons with disabilities – – – l l 86 Health care system Chronic pain Illness Intimate relationships Meaningful work Europe Box 9. 2—The Making of a Disability Rights Activist

Mental Health Care l l l l 87 Stigma and poor treatment, affects one in five over lifetime Jails and prisons as mental health institutions Parents relinquishing custody for treatment in foster care they can’t afford Psychotropic medicine Homeless mentally ill—need for affordable, supportive housing Box 9. 3—A Day in the Life of a Mental Health Case Manager Harm reduction policies Box 9. 4—AIDS in the Life of a Social Worker—historic description

What We Can Learn from Other Countries l l l 88 Health care in the U. K. —NHS, 6% of GDP, tax financed, doctors employed by government Canadian model, 10% of GDP, doctors not employed by government Cuba: rural health care, huge supply of doctors, give free medical care in other Latin American countries

CHAPTER 10 Care At The End Of The Life Cycle 89

Introduction – Chapt. 10 l l 90 French heat wave and neglect of the elderly led to 14, 000 dead while relatives vacationed Erikson—generativity vs. stagnation and ego integrity vs. despair Rising age of U. S. population—one in eight over age 65, twice as many women as men over age 85 Graying of the world

Concepts of Aging Worldwide l l U. S. —around 2 children per family, young immigrant workers brings more children Nations coping with population imbalance – – – l l l 91 Spain— 1. 15 children per family Low “fertility” rates in Italy, Romania, Japan Northern Europe better because of benefits Negative press—interests of elderly pitted against those of children, blame for fiscal crisis Medicare a windfall for pharmaceutical companies 5% in nursing homes, 71/2% in Canada Elderly men high suicide rate Different attitudes in Japan and US toward care for the elderly

Overlooked Positives of Population Imbalance l l l 92 Low crime rate Reduced rate of substance abuse More jobs available for the young Pool of retired persons for caregiving Role models and love for children

Biological Factors in Aging l l Physical decline—circulatory system, arthritis, hearing, cancer, dementia Image from TV ads Lack of adequate transportation Mental health issues. Needs (UN): – – – 93 Independence Participation Care Self-fulfillment Dignity

Psychology of Aging l l l Erikson—ego integrity vs. despair, purpose and meaning in life Old-old age—memories, flashbacks to past trauma such as in concentration camp survivors Facing death—cheerful poem, “But Someone Surely Will” – – – 94 Defense through blaming the victim Denial of death through American creed Escape through medical jargon Social death redefinition of death

Social Side of Aging l l 95 Cultural expectations Assisted suicide—Netherlands and Oregon Extended family ties—Box 10. 2—Latino Family Ties Elderization of poverty— 22% of African American elderly in poverty, one in four of all older women, incomes 58% of elderly men’s, young-old far less in poverty than old-old

Conditions of Aging continued l l 96 U. S. Government Programs—Social security, paid for in payroll taxes only up to $87, 000 Community care options—adult foster care, home care services in Denmark Elder abuse—in institutions and at home, psychological abuse related to money Ageism—use of term old in negative way, denial in everyday speech, old as a burden, see old lady stuffed doll in textbook

Avenues to Empowerment l l 97 Importance of holistic approach Relevant questions: Who is important to you? What makes life worth living? Spirituality and resilience Advocacy and political empowerment

Epilogue to Book—Putting It All Together l l l l l 98 World growing smaller “US in Global Perspective”—conflicting demands of global market and need for care for all the people Each nation same dilemma Economic and social oppression The “isms” Human rights, UN Declaration Social work across the life span War in Iraq influenced focus of book on war and war trauma Future challenges—environmental ecology, peace, end of terrorism, and becoming world citizens