Introduction to Public Management Information Systems Hun Myoung Park, Ph. D. , Public Management and Policy Analysis Program Graduate School of International Relations International University of Japan
2 Outline ¡ Information Systems ¡ E-Government ¡ System Development ¡ Managerial Issues ¡ Political, Economic, Social Issues
3 Information Systems ¡ “A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, store, and disseminate data and information. ”
4 Technological Components ¡ An information system is not simply a set of computer hardware (physical equipment) ¡ and software ¡ Telecommunications (Network)
6 Organizational Components ¡ Data and information (database) are essential since an information system is all about data and information. ¡ People operate and use the systems ¡ Procedures/rules to use systems and perform tasks (e. g. , access control measures).
7 Electronic Government
8 Electronic Government ¡ E-government Act of 2002, U. S. A. ¡ “Use by the Government of Web-based applications and other information technologies, ¡ combined with processes that implement these technologies, …” ¡ “to (a) enhance the access to and delivery of Government information and services to the public, other agencies, …”
9 Packet Switching ¡ Packet switching sends data in a series of packets and then assembles them in the destination. ¡ Data are split into small chunks, “packets” that independently travel a different route ¡ No order in transmission of packets. ¡ PSDN (public switched data network)
10 Internet Service ¡ E-mail (Electronic mail): most reliable and widely used. Cost effective ¡ (Secured) FTP (Filer transfer protocol) ¡ (Secured) Telnet (Terminal Network) for establishing remote connection. ¡ Gopher, browsing and searching services ¡ Usenet (user network) newsgroup of Internet discussion system ¡ Listservs, e-mail based discussion groups
11 World Wide Web ¡ Integrates other Internet services using hyperlinks ¡ Transmit multimedia (text, picture, video clips) using hypertext ¡ Share data with and access to the public and government ¡ HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) ¡ CGI (Common Gateway Interface) ¡ Plug-in or applets (Java applets)
12 New Things in E-Government ¡ Classical information systems computerized information systems Web-based information systems. ¡ Modern information systems combine data processing and Web interface to improve accessibility and interactivity ¡ Web itself plays a role of input and output interface rather than data processing
13 Data Process vs. Interface
14 E-government Stage Model
15 Database
16 Relational Database 1 ¡ A collection of tables. ¡ A table (relation) consists of records each of which consists of a list of related fields ¡ Each table is related to other tables using keys (primary and secondary keys) ¡ Emphasis given to system analysis and design that are supposed to reflect actual users’ need and business process reengineering
17 Relational Database 2
19 System Development
20 System Development Life Cycle
21 Selection & Concentration ¡ Frequently used applications ¡ With significant spill-over effects ¡ Then expand to other applications ¡ Incremental approach due to limits in budget and IT expertise. ¡ Minimize conflicts (accessibility issue and others) and maximize effects
22 Program Development Life Cycle
23 Software Development 1 Customized Off-the-Shelf Expensive Takes time to develop New to users Varying Need to check Meet the needs Can control Cheap Use it immediately More familiar with it Standardized quality Can be evaluated Meet general purposes Depends on vendors
24 Software Development 2 Open Source Software Proprietary Software Free in general New to many users Education and training Standardized but varying quality Rely on collective intelligence in the globe More flexible Expensive More familiar with it Standardized quality Vendor dependent Less flexible
25 Implementation ¡ Direct (plunge or direct cutover) stops the old system and start the new system at the same time. ¡ Parallel approach runs both old and new systems for a while. ¡ Phase-in approach phases in a component of the new system. ¡ Pilot approach runs the new system for a subset of users first/
26 Selective Managerial Issues
27 Financing E-Government ¡ General tax (tax revenue) ¡ User fee ¡ Grant and subsidy ¡ Enterprise fund ¡ Long-term loans ¡ Advertisement on the Web ¡ Commercial partnerships ¡ Philanthropy (donations) and aid
28 Maintenance and Others ¡ System development is one thing and maintenance is the other. ¡ More difficult and expensive than expected ¡ Update hardware and software ¡ Monitoring the information systems ¡ Data security (destruction of storage units) ¡ Documentation ¡ Education and training
29 Selective Political, Economic, Social Issues
30 Universal Service 1 ¡ “Providing efficient and affordable telephone service to all Americans” ¡ “Quality services should be available at just, reasonable, and affordable rates” ¡ Universal Service Fund (High cost fund) for rural and insular areas ¡ “Lifeline” for low-income subscribers ¡ Support elementary and secondary schools, health providers, libraries
31 Universal Service 2
32 Web Accessibility ¡ To make Web sites accessible to people with and without disabilities regardless of users’ operating systems and browsing devices ¡ People who have who visual, auditory, physical, speech, cognitive, neurological, and temporary disabilities ¡ Adults with weak vision, motion, etc. ¡ Web content accessibility guidelines by W 3 C ¡ Rehabilitation Act of 1998 (Section 508)
33 Copyright 1 ¡ Intellectual property right (IPR): patent, trademark, and copyright. ¡ To give the creator exclusive right to pubic, reproduce, manipulate, distribute, etc. ¡ Copyright enforcement incentives more intellectual properties more social welfare ¡ First sale limits copyright to first sale ¡ Fair-use for purposes of criticism, comment, news, teaching, scholarship, and research
34 Copyright 2 ¡ Digital rights management (DRM) is a copyprotection system or content control technology ¡ DRM involves added-on (inefficient, costly), incompatibility, physical damage, monopoly ¡ Digital Millennium Copyright Act strengthens copyright and makes circumvention illegal ¡ Reasonable balance between creators’ right and social welfare (benefits)
35 Software License 1 ¡ A “legal instrument (contract) governing the use or distribution of software” (Wiki) ¡ “When people purchase software, they don’t actually own the software” (p. 167) ¡ They just get official permission to use and distribute software. ¡ Single (multiple) license, perpetual (limited time) license, Site license, network license
36 Software License 2
37 Open Source Software ¡ Source codes are open but copyrighted ¡ Thus, often called “Copyleft” ¡ Free copy, modification, distribution in general ¡ Oftentimes, not free to use commercially (e. g. , My. Sql) despite free download and installation. ¡ Linux, Apache, Firefox, Open. Office, etc.
38 Digital Inequality 1 ¡ Gap between information “haves” and “have-nots, ” Digital divide ¡ Inequality in access to, use of, and knowledge of ICT ¡ In technical means (H/W, S/W); autonomy of use; knowledge and skills; social support ¡ Demand purposes should be considered to discuss digital inequality ¡ Ability (knowledge) and capacity (money)
39 Digital Inequality 2
40 Use of Social Media 1 ¡ Interactivity, user-generated content, servicespecific profiles for identity, connectivity among individuals ¡ Blog, social networking service, Wikipedia, Twitter, Youtube, and other applications to create and share information. ¡ Each application has its unique features such as one-way/two way communication, media type, computing resources required
41 Use of Social Media 2 ¡ Social media have been used in government but not as effective as expected ¡ Provider: insufficient willingness, expertise, recourse (budget and labor) to manage social media. Difficulty in controlling flaming ¡ Consumer: insufficient willingness (demand), ability (knowledge and skills to contribute), capacity (money and time) ¡ One-way communication is favored
42 Privacy 1 ¡ Right to be let alone (keeping of secrets) or freedom from government intrusion ¡ Seclusion (with whom), secrecy (private information), autonomy (private choice) ¡ Not about secrecy but about accessibility ¡ Privacy as a right and as a commodity ¡ Privacy Act guarantees the rights to see his/her records, request the amendment of records, to be protected against invasion
43 Privacy 2 ¡ Nothing-to hide? “if doing something wrong, then you don’t deserve to keep in private” ¡ Privacy is a right to control how private data are collected, manipulated (distorted), distributed, used, and then destroyed ¡ All-or-nothing fallacy. No tradeoff between privacy and security ¡ Danger of deference for national security ¡ Privacy as social right and value
44 Civic Engagement 1 ¡ Technological determinism posits a determinant role of IT on society in a positive or negative way (transformation or reinforcement) ¡ Normalization: IT use is shaped by society or no significant relationship between the two ¡ Social capital as “prerequisite for, rather than a consequence of” effective IT use ¡ Deliberative engagement on IT is not likely
45 Civic Engagement 2
46 Question? Comment?
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