INTRODUCTION TO LOGICAL ARGUMENTS YERBOLAT SADYKOV
WHY ARGUMENTS MATTER? We need to have good reasons for our beliefs and actions. Ex. “You should exercise” (What are some good reasons? ) We need to avoid mistakes. Ex. “Do not listen to what he says because he is ugly. ” (This is a logical fallacy) We use arguments when we learn about Global Perspectives!
WHAT IS AN ARGUMENT Arguments are NOT Complaining, because when you complain you just express your emotions about a situation Verbal fights, you can’t win an argument by shouting at someone Abuse, you can't win an argument by calling someone “stupid” Contradiction, ex. “No it's not!” (Let's watch a video!)
VIDEO – MONTY PYTHON http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=YUIA 40 u. Ll. Kw
ARGUMENTS are series of sentences, statements or propositions where some are the premises and one is the conclusion where the premises give reasons for the conclusion. Example: If it rains, the streets will be wet It is raining Therefore the streets are wet (Other examples? )
ARGUMENT or NOT? Chocolate cake is the best dessert because it is tasty, cheap, and popular You should buy a car because it is cheap and you can travel more freely. Reptiles include turtles, crocodiles, and snakes. World War II occurred because World War I occurred. (Other examples? )
PURPOSES OF AN ARGUMENT Persuasion. Making people believe something that they do not believe. Ex. “You should all speak Kazakh instead of Russian because. . . ” (can you provide good premises for this conclusion? ) Justification. Show someone reasons to believe in the conclusion. Ex. “Kazakhstan is the best country in the world because. . . ” (can you provide good premises for this conclusion? )
STANDARD FORM Premise 1: All students of NIS can speak some English Premise 2: You are students of NIS Conclusion: Therefore you can speak some English Premise 1: I like watching horror movies Premise 2: “The Avengers” is a horror movie Conclusion: I like watching “The Avengers”
VALID ARGUMENTS and INVALID ARGUMENTS Strength of Reasoning A VALID argument definition: if ALL the premises are TRUE, then the conclusion must be TRUE. Premise 1: All students of NIS can speak some English Premise 2: You are students of NIS Conclusion: Therefore you can speak some English
VALID ARGUMENTS and INVALID ARGUMENTS Strength of Reasoning A VALID argument definition: if ALL the premises are TRUE, then the conclusion must be TRUE. Premise 1: I like watching horror movies Premise 2: “The Avengers” is a horror movie Conclusion: I like watching “The Avengers” (Other examples? )
SOUND ARGUMENTS and UNSOUND ARGUMENTS TRUTH of premises A SOUND argument is valid and all its premises are TRUE Premise 1: All students of NIS can speak some English Premise 2: You are students of NIS Conclusion: Therefore you can speak some English
SOUND ARGUMENTS and UNSOUND ARGUMENTS TRUTH of premises A SOUND argument is valid and all its premises are TRUE Premise 1: I like watching horror movies Premise 2: “The Avengers” is a horror movie Conclusion: Therefore I like watching “The Avengers” (Other examples? )
ARGUMENTS INVALID SOUND UNSOUND
VALID or INVALID? SOUND or UNSOUND? P 1: If it rains, the streets will be wet P 2: It is not raining C: Therefore the streets are not wet P 1: Dina is either from France or Italy P 2: Dina is not from France C: Therefore Dina is from Italy
FACT > ASSERTION > OPINION FACT – something that has been proven to be true ASSERTION – something we claim to be true based on experience OPINION – something we believe to be true based on values
DO NOT STATE YOUR OPINION AS A FACT! (examples? )
LOGICAL FALLACY #1 argument that uses poor reasoning AD HOMINEM – ATTACKING THE PERSON argument made personally against an opponent instead of against their argument. P 1: Marat says that we should learn English P 2: Marat himself speaks English very poorly C: Therefore we should not learn English (Other examples? )
LOGICAL FALLACY #2 argument that uses poor reasoning APPEAL TO AUTHORITY persuading the audience by appealing to someone famous or authoritative. P 1: Ashton Kutcher endorses this shampoo on TV advertisements P 2: Ashton Kutcher is a celebrity C: Therefore you should buy this shampoo (Other examples? )
LOGICAL FALLACY #3 argument that uses poor reasoning APPEAL TO THE PEOPLE concludes something is true because many people believe it P 1: Most of my friends do not study hard C: Therefore I do not have to study hard (Other examples? )
LOGICAL FALLACY #4 argument that uses poor reasoning SLIPPERY SLOPE concludes that if we allow one thing to happen, a lot of things will also happen P 1: If you drink any alcohol, you will become an alcoholic C: Therefore you should not drink alcohol (Other examples? )
VOTE FOR A TOPIC 1. Education is now too much about tests. 2. Video games are harmful and should be regulated heavily. 3. Men are superior to women 4. Laptops are superior to desktop computers. DIVIDE INTO GROUPS FOR or AGAINST
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