Introduction to Galileo Image ESA Overview 4

Introduction to Galileo Image: ESA

Overview 4 4 4 4 Galileo Programme Phases, Schedule & Organisation Technological Developments Experimental Satellites IOV & FOC Galileo Architectures Galileo Signals Galileo Services GPS & Galileo GNSS Market

Galileo Programme Phases 4 4 4 Definition – Complete 2003 Development & In-Orbit Validation - Current Full Deployment and Operations 2003 2005 2008 2010 Images: ESA GPS Constellation GSTB V 1 Galileo Exp. SV (2) GSTB V 2 Galileo In Orbit Validation Const. (4) Galileo Full Operational Const. (30) IOV Phase FOC Phase Galileo Programme Phases, Schedule & Organisation

Planning and Funding 48 Months 24 Months 20 Years Development and Validation Deployment 1. 2 Billion € 220 Million € per year Public 1/3 Public, 2/3 Private 1 -2 Test Satellite & 4 Operational Satellites 26 Satellites Ground Infrastructure EC/ESA Joint Undertaking Ground Infrastructure Operations and Maintenance Routine Operations and Replenishment GALILEO Concessionaire / Galileo Supervisory Authority Galileo Programme Phases, Schedule & Organisation

Organisation European Commission European Space Agency GALILEO Joint Undertaking Selection Respect of concession terms Supervisory Authority System Operator: Concessionaire Public side Private side Galileo Programme Phases, Schedule & Organisation Third countries

Concession • Joining bidders • EURELY: Alcatel, Finmeccanica Aena, Hispasat • INAVSAT: Inmarsat, Eads, Thales • Confirm • services characteristics • financial robustness • commercial viability Reference Stations • Contract negotiation in 2005 • Contract Signing 2006 Galileo Programme Phases, Schedule & Organisation

Key Technologies & Risk Management 4 GSTBv 1 – Experimental Ground Segment GPS Constellation – Galileo-like Ground Infrastructure Orbit Determination Algorithms, < 50 cm Integrity Monitoring Algorithms Experimental Galileo System Time 4 Clocks European Space Qualified Maser and Rubidium Clock Development. 4 GSTBv 2 Ensure Frequency Filings Orbit Environment Characterisation E 5 a E 5 b Technological Developments E 6 L 1

Space Segment Atomic Clocks Source: ESA 4 Development of European Space. Qualified Atomic Clocks Passive Hydrogen Maser 18 kg, 45 litres Stability: 1 ns per Day, <1 ns per 100 minutes 4 Rubidium 3. 3 kg, 2. 4 litres 4 Images: ESA Technological Developments

GSTB-v 2 Satellites 4 Objective Secure frequency filings, Full Protection Until 10 June 2006 Deadline (ITU World Radiocommunications Conference Istanbul June 2000) Test Key Technologies Provide Experimental Signal-in-Space Characterise the orbital environment 4 Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL) – GIOVE A Rubidium 4 Galileo Industries (GAIN) – GIOVE B Rubidium, Maser Experimental Satellites

GIOVE A Satellite Details 4 SSTL 28 M Euro 30 -month 4 Stowed Dimensions 1. 3 1. 74 1. 65 m 4 Lift-Off-Mass 450 kg 4 Power Demand 660 W Propulsion Bay 4 Timing Source 2 Rubidium Clocks 4 Broadcast 2 transmission channels in parallel Experimental Satellites

GIOVE A - First Galileo Launch 4 4 Successful Launch 28 th Dec 2005 Soyuz 4 -Stage Launch Vehicle 4 L 1, E 5 A & E 5 B Signals Transmitted & Received 12 th January 2006 4 E 6 Signal Transmitted & Received 14 th January 2006 4 Will lead to Frequency Filing Notification to the ITU Images: ESA Experimental Satellites

GIOVE B Satellite Details 4 4 GAIN Stowed Dimensions 0. 955 2. 4 m 4 Lift-Off-Mass 4 523 kg Power Demand 943 W 4 Timing Source 2 Rubidium, 1 Passive Hydrogen Maser Clock 4 Broadcast 3 transmission channels in parallel Image: ESA Experimental Satellites

Galileo Industries Reference Stations Experimental Satellites

IOV Satellites 4 4 4 4 Image: ESA 4 4 4 Satellites 4 Clocks – 2 Rubidium, 2 Maser Launcher Options: Ariane, Proton, Soyuz, Zenit C-Band, S-Band IR-Earth FSS sun Sensors SAR transponder: appr. 20 kg / 100 W 4 Navigation payload: 115 Kg / 780 W Laser Retro-Reflectors 10 Signal Transmission 19 th January - ESA and GAIN sign a € 950 million IOV contract - satellites and associated ground systems IOV & FOC Galileo Architectures

IOV Configuration 2008 4 Satellites 2 ULS/TTC Global Galileo. receiver Galileo Sensor Stations Global Coverage 3 ULS (collocated ULS/TTC Global at the same sites) 18 to 20 Galileo Sensor Stations (worldwide) Control Centre (1 site) IOV & FOC Galileo Architectures

Final System Architecture Reference Stations IOV & FOC Galileo Architectures

FOC Ground Sensor Stations IOV & FOC Galileo Architectures

Final Space Segment 4 Walker 27/3/1 +3 Active Spares 4 4 4 Inclination 56 29600. 318 km Radii Period 14 hr 4 m 42 s Ground Track Repeat 10 days /17 Orbits 4 2 Rubidium, 2 PHM Image: ESA IOV & FOC Galileo Architectures

Ariane 5, ECB Configuration Up to 8 Satellites

Galileo/GPS Frequency Bands Galileo Signals

Galileo Signals in Space 4 10 Navigation Signals - Right Hand Circularly Polarised PRS BOCcos(15, 2. 5) Commercial Service (CS) Open Service (OS) 78 Public Regulated Service (PRS) Safety Of Life Service (SOL) Galileo Signals L 1 E 2 -152 d. BW E 1 . 42 -152 d. BW . 75 E 6 BOC(1, 1)* Data + Pilot 75 E 5 b-155 d. BW 12 5 91 . 79 11 76. 45 11 OS/SOL PRS BOCcos(10, 5) E 5 a -155 d. BW CS BPSK(5) Data + Pilot 15 Alt-BOC(15, 10) Data + Pilot 12 07. 14 OS/SOL * BOC(1, 1) or Optimised CBCS

Navigation Signal Properties Ranging Code Rate (Mcps) Sub-Carrier Frequency Primary Code Length Secondary Code Length Data Rate (SPS) L 1 F-d 1. 023 4092 None 250 No L 1 F-p 1. 023 4092 25 - No L 1 P 2. 5 1. 023 15 1. 023 - - - Yes E 5 a-d 10 1. 023 - 10230 20 50 No E 5 a-p 10 1. 023 - 10230 100 - No E 5 b-d 10 1. 023 - 10230 4 250 No E 5 b-p 10 1. 023 - 10230 100 - No E 6 C-d 5 1. 023 - - - 1000 Yes E 6 C-p 5 1. 023 - - Yes E 6 P 5 1. 023 10 1. 023 - - - Yes Signal Notes: Encrypted L 1 signals multiplexed using Coherent Adaptive Sub-carrier Modulation (also known as Interplex or Modified Tricode Hexaphase) giving a constant signal envelope prior to satellite’s high power amplifier. Low rate (one chip per primary sequence) Secondary Codes multiply Primary Codes. This improves signal cross-correlation and can aid data bit edge detection. Data rate expressed in Symbols Per Second (i. e. after Forward Error Correction) Galileo Signals

BPSK/BOC Modulation 4 Bi-Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Modulation BPSK(5) BPSK(k) – Pseudorandom Code Rate of k 1. 023 MHz Pseudorandom Code 4 Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) Modulation Each Pseudorandom Chip Multiplied by Binary Carrier Eac BOC(k, j) – Binary Carrier Frequency of j 1. 023 MHz Cosine Carrier BOCcos(m, m) Binary Carrier Sine Carrier BOC(m, m) Note: data signals additionally multiplied by binary data stream Galileo Signals BOCcos(15, 2. 5) BOC(10, 5) BOC(1, 1)

E 5 Alt-BOC Modulation Q 4 8 5 7 6 4 Receiver I can Correlate: 1207. 14 1191. 795 1176. 45 1. Entire Alt-BOC 2. As if each lobe (E 5 a/E 5 b) were QPSK like GPS L 5. (This gives small correlation loss) E 5 a-d E 5 b-d E 5 a-p E 5 b-p -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 5 4 4 3 6 3 1 2 6 5 7 2 7 8 8 1 5 4 8 3 2 3 1 2 6 5 7 6 7 4 8 1 1 4 8 7 2 3 1 2 6 5 7 6 3 4 8 5 1 8 8 7 2 3 1 6 2 5 7 6 3 4 4 5 1 8 8 7 2 7 5 6 2 1 3 6 3 4 4 5 1 8 4 7 6 7 5 6 2 1 3 2 3 8 4 5 5 8 4 3 6 7 5 6 2 1 3 2 7 8 4 1 5 4 4 3 6 7 5 2 6 1 3 2 7 8 8 1 Galileo Signals Circular Buffer 4 Phase Angle (1 to 8) determined from binary values of the 4 coherent E 5 code data streams: . . 1 . . 3 Alt-BOC can be represented as an 8 -PSK Signal 15 1. 023 8 MPhases/s 2

Optimised CBCS for L 1 Option 4 Within the EU-US agreement there is scope to optimise the L 1 BOC(1, 1) signal. CBCS = (1 - )BOC(1, 1) + BCS(1, 20) 4 Signal can be optimised by adding a smaller Binary Coded Symbol (BCS) signal to a Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) signal to produce a Composite Binary Coded Symbol (CBCS) +Binary Coded Symbol For balance sign of BCS is alternated -Binary Coded Symbol Can be tracked as BOC(1, 1) Increased bandwidth gives CBCS receiver much better tracking/multipath performance – even exceeds BOC(2, 2) for 12 MHz BW L 1 CBCS Like BOC, but subwaveform can take any binary sequence Galileo Signals 5 MHz Lobe in GPS M-Code Null

Message Structure. . . Superframe (1) Frame (2) . . . Frame (i) . . . Frame (N) 4 Forward Error Correction, Rate ½ Convolutional Encoded – Symbol Rate is twice Data Rate Frame (1) 4 Subframe (1) Subframe (2) . . . Subframe (j) . . . Data Field CRC Galileo Signals CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check – checks parity for data errors Tail Bits 4 FEC Encoded & Block Interleaved UW Unique Word to Synchronise with Data Fields Subframe (M) 4 UW FEC Block Interleaving After convolutional encoding excluding UW

Ephemeris Message Structure 4 Similar, but not identical, to GPS Galileo Signals

GNSS Signal Interoperability 4 GPS and Galileo Adoption of a common basis for Galileo L 1 and GPS III L 1 open signals: BOC(1, 1). Adoption of interoperable timing and geodesy standards to facilitate the joint use of Galileo and GPS. Broadcast of GPS/Galileo time offset. 4 GLONASS and Galileo Frequency sharing between Galileo E 5 B and GLONASS-L 3 gives prospect for interoperability of the two systems Joint broadcasting of GLONASS-K/Galileo time offset is envisaged 4 QZSS and Galileo: Agreement that same signal structure as Galileo E 6 Commercial Service is the best solution on compatibility and interoperability grounds Galileo Signals

Galileo, a Set of Services Navigation Open Service Free service; Mass market; Encrypted; sub metric accuracy Commercial (dedicated signals in E 6 band); Guaranteed service-data via Internet Public Regulated SAR Safety of Life Open Service + Integrity and Authentication of signal. Guaranteed service Encrypted; Integrity; Continuous availability Search and Rescue Near real-time; Precise; Return link feasible Galileo, a Set of Services

Open Access Service 4 4 E 5 a E 5 b E 6 L 1 4 Open and Safety of Life Services Public Regulated Service 4 Mass market applications Multi - Frequency Interoperability with other GNSS systems (dual receivers) and their evolutions Free of charge Commercial Service 1 frequency 2 frequencies Horizontal Positioning (95%) 15 [m] 4 [m] Vertical Positioning (95%) 35 [m] 8 [m] Velocity (95%) 0. 5 [m/sec] 0. 2 [m/sec] Timing with respect to UTC 30 [nsec] Global availability 99. 8 % 99. 8% Galileo, a Set of Services

Safety-of-Life Mission Level Requirements 4 Galileo supports operations employing Integrity Risk & Alert Limit Concepts (Designed with respect to ICAO & IMO Requirement) Level A: - aviation approach, rail and road applications. Level B: - aviation operations en-route to NPA Level C: - maritime operations. Galileo, a Set of Services

Safety of Life Service 4 4 Galileo to provide Global Real-Time Integrity Monitoring Safety-of-Life (So. L) - For transport applications where lives could be lost if the performance of the navigation system is degraded without real-time notification. 4 4 4 Service Will Increase Safety, especially in the absence of traditional ground infrastructure. Service Guarantee by Galileo Operating Company. Safety/Business Critical Applications Additional Regional Integrity Provision Signal Authentication Galileo, a Set of Services

Signal Authentication Concept Galileo, a Set of Services

Public Regulated Service 4 Encrypted Access restricted to authorised users Service Denial Capability 4 Integrity Quick Alarm in case of malfunction 4 2 frequencies Horizontal Positioning (95%) 6. 5 [m] Vertical Positioning (95%) 10 -5/15 [sec] Velocity accuracy 20 [cm/sec] Global availability 99. 5% even in crisis times 12 [m] Continuity Risks Continuous Availability 4 Spectrally Separate Signals Improved service robustness 4 Governmental Applications Police, Civil Protection, Emergency, etc. Galileo, a Set of Services

Commercial Service 4 4 4 Based on the open service standard Provisions Additional commercial encrypted data Added value services (higher accuracy, data broadcast, authentication) with respect to the open service 4 Three-Carrier-Ambiguity Resolution 4 Service guarantees 4 Access through external Service Providers Galileo, a Set of Services

Galileo Search & Rescue 4 4 4 4 Galileo, a Set of Services COSPAS-SARSAT cooperative effort on Humanitarian Search and Rescue Activities Fulfil IMO & ICAO Requirements Backwards Compatible Global Near Real-Time Reception Multiple Satellite Detection + LEOSAR + GEOSAR 406 MHz New - Return Link 15441545 MHz

GPS & Galileo

GNSS Market Forecast In 2020, Worldwide Market • € 275 - € 300 billions (Product & Service) • at least 3 billion users GNSS Market

Galileo Market Sectors 4 Location Based Services CPS: Global LBS Revenues of $35 Billion by 2008 4 Road Market By 2020 60% car 90% commercial 4 Road Tolling Legal Framework, Guarantee 4 Rail Sector Fleet Management, Guarantee 4 Agriculture Land Monitoring, Precision Farming 4 4 GNSS Market Justice Home Affairs Construction

Revenue Mechanisms • Intellectual Property Rights • • Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks, Know-how, etc. • Activation fees • Licence in chipsets • Services authentication • Services (high accuracy) • Contractual Quality of Service • Legislation • Etc. GNSS Market

International Cooperation The EU is willing to involve nonmember countries in the Galileo’s research, development and industrial commissioning activities; 4 Signed Adoption of a common signal for Galileo L 1. Commitment to preserve National Security capabilities. Broadcast of GPS/Galileo time offset. Non-discrimination in trade in satellite navigation goods and services. Non-restrictions of access to open service end-users. China Ukraine Morocco Talks Israel Nego. * India EU/US Agreement* U. S. A. Draft Norway Argentina Russia S. Korea Canada Brazil, Chile, Mexico Malaysia International Cooperation

Further Information 4 Further Galileo information is available on the following websites: europa. eu. int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/index_en. htm www. esa. int/esa. NA/galileo. html 4 Further information on the Joint Undertaking: www. galileoju. com