Introduction to English Grammar Ch 16 General

Introduction to English Grammar Ch. 16

General Revision of Ch 15 1. Democracy serves the purpose of real empowerment of the down trodden development. 2. Grand successful companies are always trying to consider how to expand their offerings. 3. Korea buys 10 percent of its crude needs from Japan. 4. President, Lee Myng is currently touring Gulf region.

5. Subway restaurants are present in more than nine countries. 6. The military option is always on the table. 7. The Saudi Electricity Company owned by the government plans to boost its capacity. 8. The festival will honor a number of intellectuals. 9. A brigade is roughly 3, 500 troops split into several battalions.

Three modes of classification 1. Form- classes( help- helpful- helplesshelpfulness) -open-ended based on form changes 2. Function 3. Positional classes

Form Classes: A. Noun B. Verb C. Adjective D. Adverb E. Uninflected words ( evidence, awake, tennis, since, from, quite)

Classification by function 1. SV 2. Verb or predicate 3. Subjective compliment 4. DO 5. IO 6. Obj compliment 7. Object of preposition 8. Modifier

Positional classes: 1. Nominal 2. Verbal 3. Adjectival 4. Adverbial

Nominal Words that occupy positions of nouns regardless of their forms: 1. SV [The poor ]complained Form: adj Function: SV Position: Seriously is the best way to study Reading activates the brain The pathos of the story convinced her We enjoyed the party.

2. SC That is [she] 3. DO I Want [ what I deserve] 4. IO She gave [whom ever she wants] a cheery smile. 5. OC We made him [areal man] We thought him [irresponsiple]

Cont- Nominal 6. OP e. g Can you see from under the door]? you can’t move it from here. 7. RO

Exc. Classify the following based on form and position: About a plateful is my limit Hiding doesn’t work. Here is the best place See. Exc. p. 222

The question may sometimes arise as to whether a certain word group is a nominal or not. We have a test of substitution to settle the matter: a word group is a nominal if it can be replaced by any one of the following: a. a noun, b. a noun phrase, and c. any word from the following list: this, that, these, those, he / him, she / her, it, and they / them.

1. You made me what I am You made me a champion To get high marks is her highest ambition. He became what he had always hoped.

Verbals -forms that occupy verb positions. -The kingpin position of verbal is that of the main verb. e. g ; They have worked hard. Two types of verbs: 1. Finite : inflected for person, number, tense 2. Nonfinite: are not inflected for person, number, tense.

Non finite verbs: 1. Present participle 2. To +v-stem 3. Past participle (pp- ed) Examples: Waving their hands, they paid farewell. To succeed, you need to work hard. Having been late, I missed the class ** verbals conform to the nine patterns.

Nonfinite verbs are considered verbals Q- Indicate the sentence pattern of the given verbals : 1. To give generously is an Islamic virtue. 2. Hiring good employees is not an easy task.

When nonfinite verb forms occupy noun positions, we call them nominals e. g 1. he prefers walking. (D. O position) Similarly, the sentence containing verbals: 1. Following political events is her passion. 2. I’ d like getting him new desk. **Notice: verbals just like main verbs can be followed by complements (DO, IO, , OC)( within the nominal the verbal has Do, IO)

See Exercises (p. 226)

Adjectival Forms that occupy adj positions regardless of their forms. E. She is a university student. Form: noun Position: adjectival

Where adjectival located? 1. Before nouns : she's a college teacher 2. After be (p. 1) : They are smart 3. After linking verbs(p. 4): He appears courageous. 4. After the noun: a. The floor below is rented. (uninflected) b. Its time to go (infinitive) c. We saw the man who was drowning . See (pp. 229 -233)

Identify the verbals and their patterns : She asked me to provide fully complete answer. Having reached a compromise, both parties turned in their weapons. Being a teacher requires a lot of planning.

Adverbial He will play tennis soon He soon will play tennis Soon , he will play tennis He will soon play tennis Here , he will play tennis He will play tennis here

Types of adverbs Adverbs of time: Adverb of frequency: “ how often” Adverb of duration: “ how long” For hours, a week , whole night, since Saturday. Adv of frequency , usually comes in preverb position. E. g: The wise folk usually take the right decision The members of the parliament usually arrive late.

Positions of Adverbs Before the pattern: Indeed , we admire your sincere efforts. Now its time to leave. Before the auxiliary or the main verb: She often would forget her keys after the auxiliary or the first auxiliary: The official spokesman of the ministry will actually reject the accusations.

After the verb in pattern 6 and after verb to be in pattern 1, 2, 3 : Some government officers responsible for public affairs work recklessly. The peace deal between the two parties is hardly respected. The American convey to the middle east is indeed a key figure

After the complement of the verb: (Sc, Do, OC) He will become an independent man soon.

Adverbials The wanted criminal ran with great speed. ( quickly) The students answered the question in a very rude manner. ( rudely) He dishonest offical does his work without any care. ( carelessly) You can buy it in all places. ( everywhere)

Revision: Decide whether the following are adjectival or adverbial. Jan, clinging to life , resists the criminal. having a magnetic personality, she attracts the audience. He left shouting and cursing. He entered carrying a large clip-bond report You can join conversation online. The passengers describes their horrifying emergency -landing experience They have been working for a very long time.

Identify the positional classes of the following They waited to escapee. They preferred to escape. He looks dirty. He speaks dirty. Be quick. Come quick He appeared hard He works hard He came early Early birds always win The Sunday meeting is postponed. We usually gather Sundays I prefer Sundays

Verb adverbial composite A. Intransitive verb adverbial composite (VAC) The characteristics: He turned out a criminal They took off to Madrid Test A. The meaning Test B. Immovability ( the adverbial element is immovable) Test C: Inseparability: (cant be separated by a modifier). Exc. 16 -21

Transitive verb adverbial composite( VAC+obj) Which of the following underlined words is VAC? 1. The officer turned in the suspect. 2. The officer turned in the wrong direction How to differentiate it from pp. ? 1. Test A: Adverbial post positioning (placing the adverb after the object-) The officer turned the suspect in. * **The officer turned the wrong direction in.

Test B: Inseparability : ( cant be separated by a modifier). ***The officer turned toughly in the criminal Test C: Relative transformation: The v+pp. can be transformed into relative structure. The wrong direction in which the officer turned. EXC. 242 -245.

Assignment Write 10 sentences using (VAC) including both transitive and intransitive ones. Use one test only for each kind (e. g. adverbial post positioning, inseparability). Pair work