Introduction to Computer Science Kun-Mao Chao 趙坤茂

Introduction to Computer Science Kun-Mao Chao (趙坤茂 ) Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Taiwan University, Taiwan E-mail: kmchao@csie. ntu. edu. tw WWW: http: //www. csie. ntu. edu. tw/~kmchao ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

Why is Bill Gates always smiling? • Why is he always smiling? ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

©Brooks/Cole, 2003

Chapter 1 Introduction ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to: Understand the concept of a black box, a data processor, and a programmable data processor. Define the von Neumann model and name its components: memory, arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, and input/output. Understand the stored program concept. Understand the sequential execution of statements in a program. Name the components of a computer: hardware, software, and data. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

1. 1 THE COMPUTER AS A BLOCK BOX ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

Figure 1 -1 Data processor model ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

Figure 1 -2 Programmable data processor model ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

©Brooks/Cole, 2003

Figure 1 -3 Same program, different data ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

Figure 1 -4 Same data, different programs ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

1. 2 von NEUMANN MODEL ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

von Neumann ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

About John Louis von Neumann (馮紐曼有本科普書介紹這位超人 ) • John Louis von Neumann – Born 28 December 1903, Budapest, Hungary; – Died 8 February 1957, Washington DC; – Brilliant mathematician, synthesizer, and promoter of the stored program concept, whose logical design of the IAS became the prototype of most of its successors - the von Neumann Architecture. ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

Figure 1 -5 von Neumann model ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

von Neumann Model • 四個主要部分 – Memory (記憶體 ) – Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU, 運算及邏輯單元 ) – Control Unit (CU, 控制單元 ) – Input/Output (I/O, 輸出入 ) • 儲存程式概念 (stored program concept) • 循序執行指令 (sequential execution of instructions) ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

1. 3 COMPUTER HARDWARE ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

電腦 (計算機, Computer) ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

螢幕 (Monitor; Screen) ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

滑鼠 (Mouse) ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

鍵盤 (Keyboard) ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

主機 (Computer housing; the computer case; the box) ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

印表機 (Printer) ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

筆記型電腦 (Notebook) ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

無線網卡 (Wireless card) ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

個人數位助理 (Personal Digital Assistant; PDA) ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

數位相機 (Digital Camera) ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

1. 4 DATA 我們將在後續的幾章中介紹 ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

1. 5 COMPUTER SOFTWARE ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

Figure 1 -6 Program and data in memory ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

Figure 1 -7 Program made of instructions ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

1. 6 HISTORY ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

最早的計算具 • 算盤 ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

Pascaline • 法國數學家 Blaise Pascal 於西元1642年所發明, 是一種加法器 ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

Difference Engine • Charles Babbage　西元1823年所發明 ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

打孔卡排序具 • Herman Hollerith 於 1890年所發明 ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer) • 第一部將資訊電子化的特定功能電腦 • John V. Atanasoff 和 Clifford Berry於 1939年

Turing Machine • Alan Turing在二次大戰時設計, 破解了德國的Enigma密碼 ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

Alan Turing & Me H. A. Newton E. H. Moore (1885 Yale Univ. ) Oswald Veblen (1903 U. of Chicago) Alonzo Church (1927 Princeton) Bob Ritchie (1961 Princeton) Webb Miller (1968 Washington) Kun-Mao Chao (1993 Penn State) Alan Turing ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

Turing Award • Nobel prize in computer science • ACM's most prestigious technical award is accompanied by a prize of $100, 000. It is given to an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community. The contributions should be of lasting and major technical importance to the computer field. Financial support of the Turing Award is provided by the Intel Corporation. • 西元1966年開始 ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

Turing Award • 2002 Winners: Ronald L. Rivest, Adi Shamir, Leonard M. Adleman • Donald Knuth 1974 • Steven Cook 1982 • Ken Thompson & Dannis Ritchie • 姚期智院士在西元2000年時, 獲頒Turing Award ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

RSA encryption --- 1978 Rivest Shamir Adleman ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

RSA factorization challenges 將一個由兩個大質數所乘出來的大數分解回來 e. g. , 143 11 x 13 Challenge Number Prize ($US) RSA-576 $10, 000 RSA-896 $75, 000 RSA-640 $20, 000 RSA-1024 $100, 000 RSA-704 $30, 000 RSA-1536 $150, 000 RSA-768 $50, 000 RSA-2048 $200, 000 ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

US$10, 000 –– RSA-576 • 1881988129206079638386972394616504398 0716356337941382700763356422988859715 2346654853190606065047430453173880113 0339671619969232120573403187955065699 621305168759307650257059 ©Brooks/Cole, 2003

US$200, 000 –– RSA-2048 • 25195908475657893494027183240048398571429282126204 03202777713783604366202070759555626401852588078440 69182906412495150821892985591491761845028084891200 72844992687392807287776735971418347270261896375014 97182469116507761337985909570009733045974880842840 17974291006424586918171951187461215151726546322822 16869987549182422433637259085141865462043576798423 38718477444792073993423658482382428119816381501067 48104516603773060562016196762561338441436038339044 14952634432190114657544454178424020924616515723350 77870774981712577246796292638635637328991215483143 81678998850404453640235273819513786365643912120103 97122822120720357 ©Brooks/Cole, 2003