“Introduction in meteorology and Earth’s Atmosphere” -the basic definitions of meteorology, - structure of the atmosphere
What is meteorology? Meteorology is the study of phenomena of the atmosphere includes the dynamics, physics and chemistry of the atmosphere. Meteorology is the scientific study of all changes in the atmosphere. This is very useful for weather forecasting.
What is Weather? Weather is the state of the atmosphere. • For example, the state of the atmosphere with respect to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm, clearness or cloudiness. • Also, weather is the meteorological day-to-day variations of the atmosphere and their effects on life and human activity.
Weather includes • • temperature, pressure, humidity, clouds, wind, рrecipitation, fog.
We study meteorology because it is important for: • Warning of severe weather • Agriculture – Timing of planting, harvesting, etc to avoid bad weather, – hazards to livestock • Transport & services – Shipping, aviation, road gritting, flood warnings, … • Commerce – Should a supermarket order BBQs and ice-cream, or umbrellas? • Air Pollution & climate change • smog, acid rain, greenhouse effect,
What do we want to know? • • Temperature Wind speed Wind direction Clouds – Type, extent, altitude Precipitation – Type, amount, location Visibility – Fog, haze Humidity Рressure • Trends in all of these • Timing of significant changes • Occurrence of extreme events
The general concepts are: • The earth's atmosphere is a very thin layer wrapped around a very large planet. • Based on temperature, the atmosphere is divided into four layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. • Energy is transferred between the earth's surface and the atmosphere via conduction, convection, and radiation. • Two gases make up the bulk of the earth's atmosphere: nitrogen ( ), which comprises 78% of the atmosphere, and oxygen ( ), which accounts for 21%, and 1% other gases. Carbon dioxide accounts for just 0. 03 - 0. 04%.
The atmosphere protects life on Earth • It is deep enough to absorb X-rays and gamma rays from outer space, preventing them from reaching ground level at all. • The ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation. • The atmosphere acts like a blanket over the Earth, reducing temperature extremes between day and night - making it easier for life forms to survive.
Layers of the Earth's Atmosphere 1)The troposphere is the first layer above the surface and contains half of the Earth's atmosphere. Weather occurs in this layer. 2) Many jet aircrafts fly in the stratosphere because it is very stable. Also, the ozone layer absorbs harmful rays from the Sun. 3) Meteors or rock fragments burn up in the mesosphere. 4) The thermosphere is a layer with auroras (the Southern and Northern Lights). 5) The atmosphere merges into space in the extremely thin exosphere. This is the upper limit of our atmosphere.
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