INTONATION The problems of the definition Intonation and Prosody Functions of Intonation Notation of Intonation The Intonation Group and its Structure The Main Components of Intonation
Mandarin (China) Ma ↔ mother Ma∨ horse Ma ↘ scold Ma ↗ hemp Bini (Nigeria) ima ↔I show ima ↘ I’m showing ima ↗ I showed -a contour of melody consisting of different pitches and a terminal inflection. (A. Bronstein, USA) Intonation and Prosody
• Intonation - a complex unity of speech melody or pitch of the voice, word stress, rhythm, voice timbre, pausation and tempo, which enables the speaker to adequately communicate in speech his thoughts, will, emotions & attitude towards reality and the contents of the utterance. • Speech melody- variations in the pitch of the voice (in the direction, level and range) • Stress in speech- greater prominence given to one or more words of the same sentence
• Rhythm – recurrence of stressed syllables in a sense group at certain intervals of time, unstressed syllables forming enclitics & proclitics. • Tamber / the voice quality – special colouring of the voice which shows the speaker’s emotions. • Pausation – a temporary stop/interval in speech. • Tempo – speed of speaking.
Functions of Intonation -constitutive (sentence forming, sentence delimiting Antipova E. Ya. ) -distinctive (e. g. Isn’t the day fine! You like it? ) -attitudinal / emotive Armstrong & Ward emphatic(attitudes, emotions) intonation unemphatic(information) intonation
Approaches to Intonation Studies • Attitudinal (tones indicate difference, uncertainty, positiveness & impatience) • Structural ( statements, interrogative sentences, etc. ) • Discourse/interactive a. encourage/discourage a certain response; b. falling tones have a proclaiming function& are used for closed meanings, whilst rising tones have a referring function & are used for open meanings (Cruttenden 1986 & Brazil 1985);
c. highlights now & background or given information (M Halliday) • Kinaesthetic/stylistic (much depends on a style) • Social ( signals social background, indicates a particular dialect of a language – melodic patterns are a part of brogue)
Notation of Intonation • Autosegmental e. g. LH H LH • Bill? Can you come here? (H-high; M-mid; L-low) • Capitalised syllables & broken line (D. Bolinger) SISter NOT my e. g. She’s my COUsin. • Underlined words (Ch. Fries) e. g. You don’t have a car He’s coming tomorrow
• Numbers (K. Pike) ² ³ ¹ ³ • E. g. I found my paper. ² ¹ • Dots e. g. He left an hour ago. . · · • Accented markers (R. Kingdon, L. Armstrong, I. Ward) e. g 'Did he ͵break it? • Contour method.
R. Kingdon English Terminal Tones Moving/kinetic tones of changing pitch Level tones of unchanging pitch Main Forms of Pitch Change Fall Rise FT carry a sense of completion & finality RT carry a sense of incompletion & are non-categorical
English Basic Tones • • ˎNo ‵No No ͵No ʹNo No No Low Fall High Fall Rise Fall Low Rise High Rise Fall Rise Level Falling Tones Rising Tones
Tone Unit Structure • (pre-head) – (head)-nucleus – (tail) • high • Pre-head • low • descending stepping/falling, Head ascending sliding, scandent • level (high, mid, low) • rising ('Did you ͵see him? ) • Tail • low (I saw him yesterday. )
Скачать презентацию INTONATION The problems of the definition Intonation and
INTONATION.ppt