Into a New Century U S History Unit

Into a New Century U. S. History Unit #19 Chapter 33

Personal Computers / Biotechnology l Personal Computers – Small computers which, beginning in the 1980 s, were marketed to and became popular with middle- and upper-class Americans. The development of the microchip and microprocessor made the PC possible. l Biotechnology – The use of living organisms in the development of new products; Advances in biotechnology in the late 20 th century, combined with similar development in medical sciences, have extended patients’ lives, reduced pain, and battled a huge number of diseases.

Review Question #21 l. In what decade were personal computers first marketed to the middle- and upperclasses?

Satellites / Internet l Satellites – Mechanical devices that orbit Earth in space, receiving and sending information-filled signals that are then relayed to televisions, telephones, and computers. l Internet (World Wide Web) – Invented in the 1980 s, the internet has made communication and access to information almost instantaneous, transforming commerce, education, research, and entertainment.

Review Question #22 l. What is one type of signal which is received and relayed by satellites?

Globalization l The process by which national economies, politics, cultures, and societies become integrated with those of other nations around the world. New communication, such as the internet and satellites, have increased the pace of globalization and increased the profitability of multinational corporations.

Review Question #23 l. What is one type of communication that has increased the pace of globalization?

) Service Economy l Name given to America’s economy today. The production of services (i. e. lawyers, teachers, athletes, movie stars, etc. ) has increased faster than the production of goods (i. e. hamburgers, computers, cell phones, etc. ).

Review Question #24 l. Name one American business that is part of the service-sector of our economy?

Closure Assignment #1 l 1. 2. 3. Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Chapter 33, Section 1: Why are new technologies often developed as a result of waging war? (At least 1 sentence) How has the computer sped up the pace of globalization? (At least 1 sentence) Cite evidence to support or refute this statement: A service economy provides more opportunities to entrepreneurs than does an industrial economy. (At least 2 evidences and 2 sentences)

William J. Clinton l ) Democratic President from 1993 to 2001; Born in 1946, Clinton was the first baby boomer elected as President. He was elected governor of Arkansas in 1978, branding himself as a “New Democrat”, a politician who tried to combine liberal and conservative ideas.

Review Question #25 l. What state is Bill Clinton from?

H. Ross Perot l Texas billionaire who ran for President as a 3 rd-Party Independent candidate in 1992 and 1996. Perot’s party was self-funded and he promised to govern by using sound business principles. In the end, Perot won 19% of the vote in 1992, the most by any 3 rd-Party candidate since Teddy Roosevelt in 1912.

Review Question #26 l H. Ross Perot won 19% of the total vote in the 1992 Presidential Election. From which presidential candidate did Perot likely steal most of his votes?

Family Medical Leave Act l Law signed by President Clinton in 1993 which guaranteed most full -time employees 12 workweeks of unpaid leave each year for the birth and care of a newborn child, to recover from a serious illness, or to care for an immediate family member with a serious illness.

Review Question #27 l According to the Family Medical Leave Act, how many weeks of leave is an employee guaranteed each year?

Brady Bill l A gun-control act named signed by President Clinton in 1993. Named after James Brady, a presidential aide who was wounded in an assassination attempt on President Reagan in 1981, the Bill requires background checks be conducted on gun buyers.

Review Question #28 l The Brady Bill was named after James Brady, a former aide to which 1980 s American president?

Newt Gingrich / Contract with America l Newt Gingrich – Republican congressman who led opposition to President Clinton in 1994. Gingrich created the “Contract with America”, a plan that attacked big government and emphasized patriotism and traditional values. As a result, in the 1994 congressional elections the Republican party gained control of the House and Senate for the first time in 62 years.

Review Question #29 As a result of the efforts of Newt Gingrich and other Republicans in 1994, the Republican gained control of: a) The Senate b) The House of Representatives c) Both a & b l

Kenneth Starr / Impeachment l Kenneth Starr – Special prosecutor who, in 1994, was appointed to investigate President Clinton’s investments in the Whitewater Development Corporation, an Arkansas real estate company, which he had put money into while governor in the 1970 s and 1980 s. In the process of prosecuting Whitewater, Starr uncovered evidence of an affair between President Clinton and a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. Clinton denied the affair under oath, but eventually admitted he had lied. In 1998, the House of Representatives impeached Clinton on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice, leading to a trial in the Senate. On February 12 th, 1999, the Senate acquitted President Clinton on both charges, and he remained in office.

Review Question #30 l. Bill Clinton was impeached by Congress on charges of committing what crime?

Impeachment

Closure Assignment #2 l 1. 2. 3. Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Chapter 33, Section 2: How did Clinton position himself ideologically in order to win over both Democrats and Republicans in the 1992 election? (At least 1 sentence) On what domestic issues did Democrats and Republicans differ during Clinton’s presidency? (At least 2 issues) Summarize the events surrounding Clinton’s impeachment. (At least 3 sentences)

North American Free Trade Agreement l Originally supported by President Bush in 1992, NAFTA called for a gradual removal of trade restrictions between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Many Americans feared that entering NAFTA would lead American jobs to be outsourced to Mexico, where labor was cheaper. Nevertheless, President Clinton and the Democratic Congress approved NAFTA in 1993, and the agreement has been in effect since 1994.

Review Question #31 l. In NAFTA, the United States made an economic alliance with what two other countries?

GATT / WTO l General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) – A revision to the original GATT was signed by President Clinton and other international leaders in 1994; GATT’s goal was reduce tariffs to promote free trade. l World Trade Organization (WTO) – Replaced GATT in 1995, expanding the organization’s authority to negotiate trade agreements, settle disputes, and enforce compliance with them. The WTO represents America’s movement toward economic globalization, participating in one world economic system.

Review Question #32 l What do each of the letters in WTO stand for? W_______ T_______ O_______

Ethnic Cleansing l ) The forced removal and/or murder of persons of a specific ethnicity in a country; During the early 1990 s, the fall of communist Yugoslavia led to the rise of four new nations. In Serbia, the strongest of the four, Slobodan Milosevic formed an authoritarian military dictatorship which sanctioned mass murder, violence, and rape of Catholic Croats and Bosnian Muslims. In 1995 NATO, led by the U. S. , bombed Serbian strongholds and sent peacekeeping troops into the Balkans (the region of former Yugoslavia), forcing Serbs to agree to a cease-fire.

Review Question #33 In 1995 NATO, led by the United States, sent peacekeeping troops into the Balkans to stop ethnic cleansing committed by: a) Bosnians b) Serbians c) Croatians l

George W. Bush / Bush v. Gore l George W. Bush – Republican President from 2001 to 2009; A Yale graduate, part-owner of the Texas Rangers baseball team, and former governor of Texas, Bush was popular with conservatives and Christian fundamentalists. Though not a gifted speaker, he struck many Americans as down-to-earth and sincere. l Bush v. Gore – Clinton’s vice-president Al Gore ran against Bush in the election of 2000. Gore received a half million more votes than Bush in the popular vote, but the electoral college vote margin thin, with the entire election coming down to the outcome of the vote in Florida. Based on the electronic counting machines, Bush won by 327 votes. Democrats demanded a recount by hand; Republicans sued to prevent a recount. Finally, the Supreme Court ended the recounting by a 5 -to-4 decision, giving the presidency to Bush.

Closure Assignment #3 Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Chapter 33, Section 3: 1. Why have efforts to reduce tariffs and trade barriers often been controversial in the United States? (At least 1 sentence) 2. What basic assumption about the U. S. role as sole superpower underlies American peacekeeping efforts of the 1990 s? (At least 1 sentence) 3. Compare how Democrats and Republicans viewed the initial results of the 2000 election. (At least 2 sentences) l

Review Question #35 l. Prior to running for President, George W. Bush was part owner of what major league baseball team?

Al Qaeda / Osama Bin Laden l Radical Islamic terrorist group led by wealth Saudi Arabian businessman Osama bin Laden. The central goal of al Qaeda is to end American involvement in Muslim countries. In 1993 al Qaeda exploded a bomb in the World Trade Center, killing 6 and injuring more than a thousand. In 1998 al Qaeda set off car bombs at American embassies in Africa killing 225 and injuring 5, 500 others. In 2000 al Qaeda bombed the USS Cole in Yemen, killing 17 sailors.

Review Question #34 l. What was the target of al Qaeda’s first terrorist attack on American soil in 1993?

September 11 th, 2001 l A series of four suicide attacks that were committed in the United States on September 11, 2001, coordinated to strike the areas of New York City and Washington, D. C. On that Tuesday morning, 19 terrorists from the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda hijacked four passenger jets. The hijackers intentionally piloted two of those planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 75, into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center complex in New York City; both towers collapsed within two hours. The hijackers also intentionally crashed American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and intended to pilot the fourth hijacked jet, United Airlines Flight 93, into a target in Washington, D. C. ; however, the plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after its passengers attempted to take control of the jet from the hijackers. Nearly 3, 000 people died in the attacks.

Afghanistan / Taliban l Afghanistan – Middle-Eastern nation which served as the training ground and hiding place for Osama bin Laden and al Qaeda. l Taliban – The Islamic fundamentalist government of Afghanistan which permitted bin Laden to operate terrorist training camps. After 9/11/01 the Taliban refused to turn over bin Laden to U. S. custody, leading President Bush to order an American-led invasion of the country, overthrowing the Taliban by December 7 th, 2001.

Review Question #37 l Why did the United States decide to invade and overthrow the Taliban government in Afghanistan?

Patriot Act / Department of Homeland Security l Patriot Act – Passed by Congress in the aftermath of 9/11, the Act gave law enforcement broader powers to monitor suspected terrorists (through confiscating phone records and e-mails) and detain or deport foreigners associated with terrorist groups. l Department of Homeland Security – New presidential cabinet-level office approved by Congress to coordinate domestic security matters among federal, state, and local agencies to prevent future terrorist attacks.

Review Question #38 l Under the Patriot Act, what is one type of communication that the US government has the authority to monitor and confiscate?

Closure Assignment #4 Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Chapter 33, Section 4: 1. For what various reasons has the United States become involved in Middle Eastern affairs? (At least 1 sentence) 2. How did the September 11 attacks influence American policy in the Middle East? (At least 1 sentence) 3. Do you believe that, following the 9/11 attacks, the United States government should have begun monitoring communications (e-mail, phone records, internet communications, etc. ) from all people living in the United States? Explain your answer in at least 1 sentence. l

Weapons of Mass Destruction / Operation Iraqi Freedom l WMD – Nuclear, biological or chemical weapons with the capability of causing the deaths of many people at once or damage to large amounts of property. The belief that Saddam Hussein was stockpiling WMD’s was a key justification behind the Bush administration’s decision to invade Iraq in 2003. l Operation Iraqi Freedom – (March 19 th, 2003 – Present) US and British invasion and overthrow of the Iraqi government under Saddam Hussein. On May 1 st, 2003, Pres. Bush gave a speech declaring victory in Iraq; however, conflict between Kurds, Sunnis, and Shiia Muslims combined with increased terrorist activity has led to continued American casualties and difficulty in establishing a democratic government, leading to a severe drop in Pres. Bush’s popularity.

Review Question #39 l Name two of the four groups who have fought for dominance in Iraq and against American troops since the overthrow of Saddam Hussein?

Abu Ghraib / Wiki. Leaks l Abu Ghraib - Beginning in 2004, human rights violations in the form of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse, including torture, reports of rape, sodomy, and homicide of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq (also known as Baghdad Correctional Facility) came to public attention. These acts were committed by military police personnel of the United States Army together with additional US governmental agencies. l Wiki. Leaks - An international, online, self-described not-for-profit organization publishing submissions of private, secret, and classified media from anonymous news sources, news leaks, and whistleblowers. Its website, launched in 2006 under the Sunshine Press organization, claimed a database of more than 1. 2 million documents within a year of its launch. In April 2010, Wiki. Leaks published gunsight footage from the 12 July 2007 Baghdad airstrike in which Iraqi journalists were among those killed by an Apache helicopter, known as the Collateral Murder video. In July of the same year, Wiki. Leaks released Afghan War Diary, a compilation of more than 76, 900 documents about the War in Afghanistan not previously available to the public.

Guantanamo Bay l The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a controversial detainment and interrogation facility of the United States located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba. The facility was established in 2002 by the Bush Administration to hold detainees from the war in Afghanistan and later Iraq.

Darfur / Refugees l In the early 2000 s Arab militias within Sudan, with the support of the Arab-led government, attacked African tribal groups in the western province of Darfur. Entire villages were burned and tens of thousands of people were killed, leading an estimated 1. 8 million people to flee to refugee camps. Despite a truce agreement in May 2006, the fighting in Darfur continues today.

Hurricane Katrina l Hurricane Katrina was the deadliest, most destructive and costliest hurricane to hit the United States in the past 80 years. At least 1, 836 people died in the actual hurricane and in the subsequent floods. Total property damage was estimated at $81 billion.

Columbine / Virginia Tech l Columbine - School shooting which occurred on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in Columbine, , Colorado. Two senior students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, embarked on a shooting spree in which a total of 12 students and 1 teacher were murdered. They also injured 21 other students directly, with three further people being injured while attempting to escape the school. The pair then committed suicide. l Virginia Tech - School shooting that took place on April 16, 2007, on the campus of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia. Seung-Hui Cho shot and killed 32 people and wounded 17 others in two separate attacks, approximately two hours apart, before committing suicide. (Another 6 people were injured escaping from classroom windows. ) The massacre is the deadliest shooting incident by a single gunman in U. S. history.

Closure Assignment #5 l 1. 2. 3. Answer the following questions based on what you have learned: In your opinion, is the United State justified in torturing terror suspects to gain information, even though these suspects have not been convicted of committing any crimes? Explain. (At least 1 sentence) Why did President Bush choose not to send American troops to stop the genocide in Sudan? (At least 1 sentence) What can and should be done to prevent attacks similar to those which occurred at Columbine and Virginia Tech? (At least 1 sentence)

Economic Recession / Housing Bubble Economic Recession - After the bursting of the great housing bubble in mid 2007, the United States of America was stuck by a huge recession. The United States entered 2008 during a housing market correction, a subprime mortgage crisis and a declining dollar value. In February 2008, 63, 000 jobs were lost, a 5 year record. In September, 159, 000 jobs were lost, bringing the monthly average to 84, 000 per month from January to September 2008. The bottom, or trough, was reached in the second quarter of 2009 but the nation's economy continued to be described as in an "economic malaise" during the second quarter of 2011. Housing Bubble - An economic bubble affecting many parts of the United States housing market in over half of American states. Housing prices peaked in early 2006, started to decline in 2006 and 2007, and reached new lows in 2012. On December 30, 2008 the Case-Shiller home price index reported its largest price drop in its history. Any collapse of the U. S. Housing Bubble has a direct impact not only on home valuations, but the nation's mortgage markets, home builders, real estate, home supply retail outlets, Wall Street hedge funds held by large institutional investors, and foreign banks, increasing the risk of a nationwide recession. In 2008 alone, the United States government allocated over $900 billion to special loans and rescues related to the US housing bubble.

The Election of 2008 l Held on November 4, 2008. Democrat Barack Obama, then the junior United States Senator from Illinois, defeated Republican John Mc. Cain, the senior U. S. Senator from Arizona. Obama received 365 electoral votes, and Mc. Cain 173. The popular vote was 69, 456, 897 to 59, 934, 814, respectively. Obama received the most votes for a presidential candidate in American history. This also was the first U. S. presidential election in which an African American was elected, as well as the first in which an African American won the nomination of one of the two major parties.

Bank Bail Outs / Stimulus Plan l Bank Bail Outs - In 2008 -9 the U. S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve System bailed out numerous very large banks and insurance companies, as well as General Motors and Chrysler. Congress at the urgent request of President George W. Bush passed the Troubled Asset Relief Program or "TARP", funded at $700 billion. l Stimulus Plan - To respond to the late-2000 s recession, the primary objective President Obama’s Stimulus Plan was to save and create jobs almost immediately. Secondary objectives were to provide temporary relief programs for those most impacted by the recession and invest in infrastructure, education, health, and ‘green’ energy. The approximate cost of the economic stimulus package was estimated to be $787 billion at the time of passage, later revised to $831 billion between 2009 and 2019.

Barack Obama l Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13 th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was elected as a Senator representing the state of Illinois in Congress and served in that office from 2004 to 2008 before being elected as President.

Nationalized Health Care l Officially known as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, though often called Obamacare, in 2010 Congress and President Obama passed legislation which will require all Americans to have health insurance coverage by 2014 while also providing those living in poverty with privilege of receiving government-funded health insurance.

Closure Assignment #6 l 1. 2. 3. Answer the following questions based on what you have learned about American History from 2008 to 2010: In your opinion, when the United States economy experiences a recession or depression, who should be blamed? (At least 1 sentence) If Barack Obama were white, do you think he would have been elected as President in 2008? Why or why not? (At least 1 sentence) Should the United States Government provide health insurance coverage to all Americans? Why or why not? (At least 1 sentence)

Gay Rights Movement l Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) movements in the United States comprise an interwoven history of social and political movements in the United States of America, beginning in the early 20 th century. They have been influential worldwide in achieving social progress for LGBT people while confronting strong opposition from conservative, religious groups and individuals. In the past few decades the LGBT community has won the rights to adopt children and be granted equal opportunities in the workplace. The current objective of the LGBT community is to legalize Gay Marriage. Several states, predominantly in the northeastern United States, have passed legislation to legalize Gay Marriage in the past 10 years. In 2012, President Barack Obama became the first American President to publically endorse the legalization of Gay Marriage.

Arizona Prop 102 l An amendment to the constitution of the state of Arizona adopted by a referendum held in 2008. It added Article 30 of the Arizona Constitution, which says: "Only a union of one man and one woman shall be valid or recognized as a marriage in this state. " 31 other states have adopted similar legislation in the past 10 years, most notably California’s Prop 8, where gay marriage had been legalized in the court system in 2007. The LGBT has field lawsuits against multiple state governments, claiming that marriage is a civil right that should not be denied; however, the Supreme Court has yet to hear or issue a ruling on any of these cases.

Tea Party Movement / 2010 Elections l Tea Party movement (TPM) - An American populist political movement that is generally recognized as conservative and libertarian, and has sponsored protests and supported political candidates since 2009. It endorses reduced government spending, cutting taxes, reduction of the national debt and federal budget deficit, and adherence to an originalist interpretation of the United States Constitution. l 2010 Elections - Approximately 82. 5 million people voted. The Democratic Party suffered major defeats in many national and state level elections, with many seats switching to Republican Party control. The Republican Party gained 63 seats in the U. S. House of Representatives, recapturing the majority, and making it the largest seat change since 1948 and the largest for any midterm election since the 1938 midterm elections. The Republicans gained six seats in the U. S. Senate, expanding its minority, and also gained 680 seats in state legislative races, to break the previous majority record of 628 set by Democrats in the post-Watergate elections of 1974. This left Republicans in control of 25 state legislatures, compared to the 15 still controlled by Democrats. After the election, Republicans took control of 29 of the 50 State Governorships.

Immigration Reform Act (1986) / Immigration Act (1990) l l IRA (1986) – Law which hoped to stop the flow of illegal immigrants by penalizing employers who hired them and by granting resident status to those residing in the United States since 1982. IA (1990) – Law which increased legal immigration quotas by 40% and reduced restrictions on regions of the world from which immigrants would be welcomed to the U. S. As a result, the period from 1990 to today has seen the largest number of immigrants in American history.

Review Question #40 l. The majority of immigrants to the United States today come from which region of the world?

Arizona SB 1070 / Sheriff Joe Arpaio l l Arizona HB 1070 - Legislative Act that at the time of passage was the broadest and strictest anti-illegal immigration measure in recent U. S. history. It has received national and international attention and has spurred considerable controversy. The Arizona Act makes it a state misdemeanor crime for an alien to be in Arizona without carrying the required documents, requires that state law enforcement officers attempt to determine an individual's immigration status during a "lawful stop, detention or arrest" when there is reasonable suspicion that the individual is an illegal immigrant, bars state or local officials or agencies from restricting enforcement of federal immigration laws, and cracks down on those sheltering, hiring and transporting illegal aliens. The law was challenged in federal court and its enforcement was suspended until the Supreme Court issues a ruling regarding its constitutionality, which it is slated to do in 2012. Sheriff Joe Arpaio - First voted into office in 1992, Arpaio is responsible for law enforcement in Maricopa County. This includes management of the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office, county jail, courtroom security, prisoner transport, service of warrants, and service of process. Arpaio styles himself as "America's Toughest Sheriff. " He is well known for his outspoken stance against illegal immigration. Arpaio has become a flashpoint for controversy surrounding Arizona's SB 1070 anti-illegal immigration act. He is also known for his investigation of President Barack Obama's citizenship.

Closure Assignment #7 Answer the following questions based on what you have learned about American history from 2010 to 2011: 1. What is your personal belief when it comes to the issue of Gay Marriage? Explain in at least 1 sentence. 2. Should term limits be placed on politicians serving in Congress similar to the 8 -year limit placed on the President? Why or Why not? (At least 1 sentence) 3. Within Arizona, what group (religious, racial, age, gender, etc. ) do you think deserves the blame/credit for our state’s political conservatism in opposing gay marriage and illegal immigration? Why, in your opinion, does this group support conservative policies? (At least 1 sentence) l

No Child Left Behind Act l (2002) Education law supported by President George W. Bush which holds schools accountable for the academic performance of their students, penalizing those that did not reach federal performance standards. The AIMS test is Arizona’s instrument to measure compliance with NCLB.

Review Question #36 l What is the name of the test given to students in the state of Arizona to measure our compliance with the No Child Left Behind Act?

Race to the Top l Race to the Top - A $4. 35 billion United States Department of Education contest created to spur innovation and reforms in state and local district K-12 education. It is funded by the ED Recovery Act as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and was announced by President Barack Obama and Secretary of Education Arne Duncan on July 24, 2009. States were awarded points for satisfying certain educational policies, such as performance-based standards (often referred to as an Annual professional performance review) for teachers and principals, complying with nationwide standards, promoting charter schools, and computerization.

The Assassination of Osama Bin Laden l The former head of al-Qaeda known for the September 11 attacks, was killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011, shortly after 1 am local time by Navy SEALs of the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group. The operation, code-named Operation Neptune Spear, was ordered by United States President Barack Obama and carried out in a Central Intelligence Agency-led operation. Participating units included the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (also known as DEVGRU or SEAL Team Six), the U. S. Army's 160 th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), and CIA operatives. The raid on bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan was launched from Afghanistan. After the raid, U. S. forces took bin Laden's body to Afghanistan for identification, then buried it at sea within 24 hours of his death

Mitt Romney l Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American businessman and politician. He was the Governor of Massachusetts from 2003 to 2007 and he is the nominee of the Republican Party for the 2012 presidential election.

Closure Assignment #8 Answer the following questions based on what you have learned about American History from 2011 to 2012: 1. In recent years, both Republican and Democratic politicians have supported the idea of establishing more charter schools. Why do you think this is the case? (At least 1 sentence) 2. Do you believe that the United States is less likely to be attacked by terrorists now then it was 10 years ago? Why or why not? (At least 1 sentence) 3. Who do you think will be elected as President this year? Why? (At least 1 sentence) l