Internet 1 Givhan, Robin. "Fashion's Full Figured Failure. " Newsweek 22 Oct. 2012: 7. NC Wise. Owl. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http: //search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct =true&Auth. Type=ip, custuid&custid=s 8455861 &db=mat&AN=82575896&site=src-live>.
Vogue Editors Endorse Healthy Body Image 1 “The 19 editors-in-chief of the Vogue brand banded together last May to announce a détente. They promised not to ‘knowingly’ use mannequins under the age of 16 or those who appeared to have an eating disorder, and pledged to be ‘ambassadors for the message of healthy body image’. ”
Vogue China Breaks Pledge 1 “Vogue China had broken the pledge and featured 15 -year-old model Ondria Hardin. ”
Marc Jacobs Breaks CFDA Pledge 1 “In 2007, the Council of Fashion Designers of America created a similar pledge, which has since been broken -- most notably, by designer Marc Jacobs, who unapologetically included a 14 -year-old Hardin in his fall 2012 show…”
Experts Say Skinny Models Do Not Increase Occurrence of Eating Disorders 1 “But over time, it hasn't mattered if the models-ofthe-day were waifs or Amazons. Experts say there's no evidence that the rate of eating disorders has spiked or plummeted accordingly. ”
Commercial Industry or Art Form? 1 “…we can't decide if it is a commodity industry that should respond to a marketplace filled with size 14 women, or if it is an art form that should be free to weave elusive fantasies. ”
Old Vogue is Art 1 “It also featured illustrations that reduced the body to simple geometry -- circles, triangles, legs elongated to lines. We savor those images because we see them as art. ”
Internet 2 Critchell, Samantha. "Designers opt for guidelines on thin models. " Toronto Star 15 Jan. 2007. NC Wise. Owl. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http: //search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct =true&Auth. Type=ip, custuid&custid=s 8455861 &db=n 5 h&AN=6 FP 3368531236&site=srclive>.
CFDA Sets Recommendations 2 “…the Council of Fashion Designers of America has released a list of recommendations as part of a new health initiative. ”
Panel of CFDA 2 “The panel that formulated the guidelines included CFDA President Diane von Furstenberg, nutritionist Joy Bauer, modeling agent Louis Chaban, fitness trainer David Kirsch and Dr. Susan Ice, vicepresident and medical director of Philadelphia's Renfrew Center, which is dedicated to eating disorders. ”
Guideline: Prevent Underage Models 2 “Keep models from 16 off the runway and don't allow models under 18 to work at fittings or photo shoots past midnight. ”
Guideline: Eating Disorders 2 • “Educate those in the industry to identify the early warning signs of eating disorders. ” • “Require models identified as having an eating disorder to receive professional help and only allow those models to continue with approval from that professional. ” • “Develop workshops on the causes and effects of eating disorders. ”
Guideline: Alcohol and Smoking 2 • “…raise awareness of the effects of smoking and tobacco-related disease. ” • “During fashion shows, provide healthy meals and snacks, while prohibiting smoking and alcohol. ”
Madrid Fashion Week Banned Underweight Models 2 “In September, Madrid Fashion Week banned models with a body mass index of less than 18. The standard accepted by the World Health Organization is that anyone with an index under 18. 5 is underweight. ”
Italian Designers Make Changes to Age and Health 2 “In a December deal with the Italian fashion industry, designers agreed not to hire models younger than 16, and to require all models to submit medical proof that they do not suffer from eating disorders. ”
CFDA BMI Statement 2 “’The CFDA Health Initiative is about awareness and education, not policing. Therefore, the committee is not recommending that models get a doctor's physical examination to assess their health or body-mass index to be permitted to work, ’ says a statement from the CFDA. ‘Eating disorders are emotional disorders that have psychological, behavioral, social, and physical manifestations, of which body weight is only one. ’”
Models as Role Models 2 “’I've asked patients about what they see when they see models. They say, 'I look at their skinny arms, their hip bones and their flat stomachs and then I look at myself and say I'm too fat, ’ Bulik says. ‘It zeroes in on their self-esteem and their perceived inadequacies, and these are girls who are already underweight. ””
Academy of Eating Disorders Suggestion 2 “The Illinois-based Academy of Eating Disorders offered its own counter-suggestions to the CFDA, using a minimum BMI of 18. 5 for models over 18. That would translate into a 5 -foot-9 female model weighing more than 126 pounds. ”
Internet 3 Cline, Elizabeth. "FASHION MODELS ARE WORKERS, TOO. " Nation 30 Sept. 2013: 1821. NC Wise. Owl. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http: //search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct =true&Auth. Type=ip, custuid&custid=s 8455861 &db=mat&AN=90250590&site=src-live>.
Vyalitsyna at Young Age 3 p. 18 “After being plucked from Russia at the age of 15, Vyalitsyna says, she was tempted with ‘partying, alcohol and men’ and was asked to pose nude. ”
Goal of Model Alliance 3 p. 18 “The Model Alliance’s main objective is quite simple, and it just might be the group’s most difficult challenge: to give models a voice while educating the public to view them not as privileged preternatural beings, but as workers who have wage and health-and-safety needs like everyone else. ”
Picture Me: A Model’s Diary 3 p. 19 “Ziff filmed her experiences modeling from ages 18 to 24, with the help of her then-boyfriend, the filmmaker Ole Schell, and released them in the 2010 soft expose Picture Me: A Model’s Diary. ”
Model Alliance Statistics 3 p. 19 “According to a Model Alliance survey of eightyfive working fashion models, 30 percent have experienced inappropriate touching on the job and 64 percent have been asked to lose weight by their agency. ”
Models are Independent Contractors 3 p. 19 “‘Even though many models start their career when they’re 13, 14 or 15, they are put in pretty adult situations. And as an independent contractor, you’re not protected. ’”
Child Models Under Jurisdiction of Dpt. Of Ed. 3 p. 19 “While Broadway child stars and child actors are protected by the New York Department of Labor, models somehow have been left out of these protections. Current laws place child models under the puzzling jurisdiction of the New York Department of Education, which has very limited enforcement mechanisms and, ironically, no education requirements. ”
Work Permits and Hours of Underage Models 3 p. 19 “While current law does require underage fashion models to have work permits and limited working hours, it seems that it is rarely enforced. ”
Regulations of Child Stars on Broadway 3 p. 19 “Child stars on Broadway, for example, have limits on working hours (and can’t work past midnight); they’re provided meals, rest breaks and dedicated study space, and trust accounts are set up to manage a percentage of a child’s earnings. Violators of these regulations face fines of up to $1, 000 for a first infraction. ”
Life of Runway Models 3 p. 19 “With many runway models performing in back- toback shows, staying up until the wee hours of the morning for fittings and pulling sixteen-hour days during Fashion Week, restrictions on hours could make hiring underage models far less appealing to the industry. ”
Debt of Models 3 p. 20 “Modeling agencies typically front money for travel expenses, lodging and test shots, but these costs must be paid back. ”
Income of Models in US 3 p. 20 “…the average fashion model working in the United States earned only $27, 330 in 2009, with no benefits. It’s now more like $32, 000. The average magazine shoot at the time paid about $100 a day; today, top magazines like Vogue pay $175. ”
Underage Models Cheap 3 p. 20 “This highlights yet another, equally insidious reason the fashion industry is so dependent on young girls—they’re cheap, especially those from foreign places. ”
Difference Between Models and Average American Woman 3 p. 20 “ 23%- Difference in body weight between today’s fashion models and the average American woman. Twenty years ago, models weighed 8 percent less. ”
Career Length of Models 3 p. 20 “It is currently very difficult to spin contract work into a stable, middle-class existence. On average, according to Mears’s book, models last about five years. ”
Models Lie About Age 3 p. 20 “Models are often forced out of the industry in their early 20 s. Sabin said she’s heard of girls as young as 18 lying about their age to avoid dwindling job prospects. ”
Standards of Beauty Set by Children 3 p. 21 “…’and when it’s a 14 -year-old that’s setting the standard for feminine beauty, that puts pressure on her not to grow up; it puts pressure on older models to starve themselves to get that gan- gly physique, and then there’s the effect that it has on consumers as well. ’”
Internet 4 Heller, Aron. "Israeli law aims to make ultrathin models obsolete. " AP Top News Package 10 Jan. 2013 [Jerusalem]. NC Wise. Owl. Web. 17 Nov. 2014. <http: //search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct =true&Auth. Type=ip, custuid&custid=s 8455861 &db=n 5 h&AN=af 6 dc 2 d 8543749 c 6 b 4 d 481 a 48 223 ce 15&site=src-live>.
Israel Passes Law to Protect Models 4 “The Israeli law, passed by parliament last year, is the first of its kind. The United States and England have guidelines, but their fashion industry is selfregulated. Other governments have taken steps to prevent "size zero" medical problems but have shied away from legislation. ”
Bar Refaeli 4 “Israel, like other countries, is obsessed by models. International supermodel Bar Refaeli is considered a national hero. Refaeli, an Israeli who has graced the cover of the Sports Illustrated swimsuit edition, among others, is not unnaturally thin. ”
Israeli Law Requires Medical Report 4 “The new law requires models to produce a medical report no older than three months at every shoot for the Israeli market, stating that they are not malnourished by World Health Organization standards. ”
WHO Guidelines for BMI 4 “WHO says a body mass index below 18. 5 indicates malnutrition. ”
Professional Athletes and BMI 4 “Critics say the body mass index is flawed and cannot be applied equally to everyone. For example, many professional athletes fall outside the health boundaries set by the scale, because of their height or muscle mass. ”
Israeli Law and Digital Manipulation 4 “The Israeli law requires that any advertisement published for the Israeli market must clearly disclose whether the models' appearance was altered by digital manipulation. ”
Internet 5 White, Constance C. "BLACK OUT: WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO THE BLACK MODELS? " Ebony Sept. 2008: 98 -100. NC Wise. Owl. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http: //search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct =true&Auth. Type=ip, custuid&custid=s 8455861 &db=mih&AN=34177801&site=src-live>.
Lack of Colored Models on Runway 5 p. 98 “Top American designers staged more than 100 presentations in New York in February at the biannual ready-to-wear shows and many were, shall we say, color-free. ”
Designers and Lack of Colored Models 5 p. 98 “On the runways of Yves Saint Laurent, Balenciaga and Calvin Klein, there wasn't a single Black model. Miuccia Prada had not put a Black model on her runway in 10 years. Others like Marc Jacobs and Max Azria cast one. ”
Dorothea Towles- First Black Mannequin 5 p. 98 -99 “…to roll back civil rights gains of the last four decades and ignore personal breakthroughs of women like Dorothea Towles. With skin a milky caramel, Towles is generally credited with being the first successful Black mannequin. ”
Naomi Sims 5 p. 99 “Stunning, chocolate-skinned Naomi Sims broke down additional walls in the turbulent '60 s, including those surrounding Vogue and The New York Times. ”
Beverly Johnson 5 p. 99 “In 1974, Beverly Johnson became the first African. American on the cover of Vogue. ”
‘ 80 s Black Models 5 p. 99 “Equality seemed at hand when Iman arrived. She was followed in the '80 s by Elle magazine, which featured copious Black models, in every issue. Magic, Lana Ogilvy, Veronica Webb, Bob Mackie, favorite Lu Cierra, Ralph Lauren favorite Karen Alexander, Rebecca Ayoko and Lois Samuels were all busy. ”
Colored Supermodels in the ‘ 80 s and ‘ 90 s 5 p. 99 “It wasn't long before Naomi Campbell was crowned a supermodel and worked alongside other A-listers, including Georgianna Robertson, Gail O’Neill, Roshumba, Stacey Mc. Kenzie, Kersti Bowser, Kara Young, Debra Shaw, Cynthia Bailey, Phina, Brandy and of course, Tyra Banks and Tyson Beckford. ”
Colored Supermodels Today 5 p. 99 “It's a very short list- Liya Kebede, Jaunel Mc. Kenzie, Chanel Iman and newcomer Jourdan Dunn. ”
Competition in Fashion 5 p. 100 “The two superstars now admit they felt pitted against each other as they wrestled tor the "only one Black" spot in fashion shows. ”
Bethann Hardison 5 p. 100 “Self-described revolutionist Bethann Hardison decided to call fashionistas on their discriminatory ways. Something of an iconoclast, in 1988 she formed The Black Girls Coalition with Iman to demand more Blacks in advertising. A few years later, she engineered an exclusive two-year contract for Beckford with Ralph Lauren, a deal that has yet to be replicated by any male or Black. ”
Campbell Getting Help Getting Hired 5 p. 100 “…Campbell revealed that fellow supermodels Linda Evangelista and Christy Turlington had to campaign on her behalf to have designers like Gianni Versace and Helmut Lang hire her for shows. ”
Asians Replace Colored Models 5 p. 100 “Add to the mix that Asian designers and Asian consumers preferred more Asians on the runway while the Black presence decreased. ”
Case Before the CFDA 5 p. 100 “Thanks to Hardison and a suggestion from Talley, the case of the missing models has now gone before American designers, including Diane Von Furstenberg, president of The Council of Fashion Designers of America. ”
Internet 6 Mears, Ashley. Pricing Beauty: The Making of a Fashion Model. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011. 1 -308. Print.
Anorexia as a Joke at Modeling Agency 6 p. 2 “…an interest that took root when, as a teenager modeling in New York, an agent told me to try to look as lean as possible. The going joke around his agency, he explained, was ‘Anorexia is in this season. ’”
Mears Told To Say She Is Younger 6 p. 2 “But now, at the age of twenty-three, I was happily retired from a world in which I had been advised by the age of nineteen to lie about my age to seem younger. ”
Typical Measurements of Male and Female Models 6 p. 5 “The female model is typically at least 5’ 9” with body measurements close to a 34” bust, a 24” waist, and 34” hips. The male model is typically 6’ to 6’ 3” with a 32” waist and a 39” to 40” chest. This framework is, as one stylist explained to me, a ‘good ol’ formula’ for a model. ”
Economic Diversity in Modeling World 6 p. 11 “Linda Evangelista reportedly wouldn’t get out of bed for less than $10, 000 at the height of her career in the 1980 s, and in 2009, Gisele Bünchen grossed $25 million in modeling contracts. Yet according to the Occupational Employment Statistics, in 2009 models earned an estimated median income of $27, 330. ”
Average Length of Modeling Careers 6 p. 12 “On average, most modeling careers last less than five years. ”
Instability of Modeling 6 p. 14 “Though it has cultural cache, modeling is freelance work, meaning it is insecure and unstable. ”
Economics of Fashion Industry 6 p. 15 “As of 2011, the fashion industry in New York alone employs 165, 000 people and generates $9 billion in wages, $1. 7 billion in tax revenue, and $55 billion in sales each year, according to the city’s Economic Development Corporation, which is to say that all of these industries matter. ”
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Internet 7 Postrel, Virginia. "Rightsize Me. " Atlantic Dec. 2007: 125 -28. NC Wise. Owl. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <http: //search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct =true&Auth. Type=ip, custuid&custid=s 8455861 &db=mat&AN=27462991&site=src-live>.
Standardization of Bodies 7 “And nobody's normal. Sizes are standardized. Bodies aren't. ”
Standardized Sizes = Inexpensive 7 “Standardized sizes made inexpensive, off-the-rack garments economically feasible. . . Standardized sizes seemed efficient and scientific. Clothes could be as predictable as screws or frozen peas--and as regimented and impersonal as an assembly line. ”
US Standardizes Sizes 7 “From the 1940 s through the 1970 s, the U. S. government established and maintained size guidelines, using data from about 16, 500 women, including 6, 500 members of the Women's Army Corps measured during World War II. ”
US Government Out of Sizes 7 “Although individual brands still adhere to in-house size standards, competition killed national standards. The government got out of the size-specifying business in 1983, and nowadays only sewing patterns adhere to the old sizes. ”
![[TC]² Measurements 7 “In 2002 and 2003, an industry consortium called [TC]², originally the](https://present5.com/presentation/fb7833ea967074fc6433516b611cc53a/image-71.jpg "[TC]² Measurements 7 “In 2002 and 2003, an industry consortium called [TC]², originally the")
[TC]² Measurements 7 “In 2002 and 2003, an industry consortium called [TC]², originally the Textile Clothing Technology Corporation, used computerized 3 -D scanners to collect precise measurements from about 6, 300 women and 3, 600 men. Unlike the young, almost entirely Caucasian women in the government's earlier research, these subjects represented a broad cross section of the population. The most striking result: Not many American women have the hourglass figures assumed by most apparel sizes. ”
Lane Bryant 7 “Lane Bryant recently introduced three categories for each size of jeans: yellow, red, and blue, corresponding to different waist-hip ratios, with descriptions posted prominently in store windows. ”
Problem with no Standardization 7 “Instead of the old conflict between mass production and individuality, we now face a new, postmodern problem: a conflict between choice, which accommodates human variation, and information overload. ”
Internet 8 "VICTORIA'S SECRET BACKLASH. " Writ. Reena Ninan. Good Morning America. ABC. 30 Oct. 2014. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <http: //search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct =true&Auth. Type=ip, custuid&custid=s 8455861 &db=n 5 h&AN=99174234&site=src-live>.
“The Perfect Body” Ad Problem 8 “But the problem many say with this ad posted on their website, what's written across the bodies of the ten tall, thin models, the perfect body. ”
Body Image Problems with Ad 8 “SARAH MARIA (BODY IMAGE EXPERT) ‘When someone looks at that, the tendency is to measure themselves against that ad. ’”
VS Says “Body” Has a Different Meeting 8 “Victoria's Secret says the word body in the ad refers to the company's Body by Victoria line of lingerie. But college student Gabriella Kountouridee says it's hard not to catch a double meaning. ”
Kountouridee Makes Petition 8 “Now, Kountouridee and two of her friends have created this petition on Change. org, calling on Victoria Secret to change the wording on their advertisements for their bra range body to something that doesn't promote unhealthy and unrealistic standards of beauty. ”
Kountouridee Comments on VS Campaign 8 “GABRIELLA KOUNTOURIDEE (CHANGE. ORG PETITION CO-CREATOR) ‘We hope that they'll start thinking about their future campaigns and maybe not promote such unrealistic ones in the future. ’”
Internet 9 Dockterman, Eliana. "Age Restrictions for Models Making a Difference at Fashion Week. " TIME 18 Feb. 2014: 1. NC Wise. Owl. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <http: //search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct =true&Auth. Type=ip, custuid&custid=s 8455861 &db=mat&AN=94597288&site=src-live>.
NY Passes Legislation to Curb Use of Adolescents 9 “The state of New York passed a law in October that classified models under the age of 18 as child performers in an attempt to curb use of 14 -year-olds on the runway. ”
James Scully Quote About Lack of Children 9 “‘This year I saw over 350 girls, and I only saw three that were under 18, ’ James Scully, casting director for designers like Tom Ford, said. He calculates that as many as 60 percent of models had been under 18 in previous years. ”
Models’ Ages Brought Up During Casting 9 “Another casting director, Jessica Weinstein said that this was the first year models' ages were brought up during casting with many designers. ”
Fashion Favors Androgynous Models 9 “The fashion industry has favored androgynous models with flat bodies in recent years (basically, the closest thing they can get to a coat hanger to show off the clothes). ”
Why Young Girls Favored Over Older 9 “…that most models have been younger girls who have not yet developed hips, breasts and backsides. ”
More Curves On Runway? 9 “Now that designers must opt for fully grown women, we're likely to see more curves on the runway. ”
Internet 10 Haywood, Sharon. "Model BEHAVIOUR. " Herizons 2013: 24 -27. NC Wise. Owl. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <http: //search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct =true&Auth. Type=ip, custuid&custid=s 8455861 &db=mat&AN=91706872&site=src-live>.
Study on Thin Ideal 10 p. 25 “After all, meta-analyses of existing studies, such as a 2008 review by professors Shelly Grabe, L. Monique Ward and Janet Shibley Hyde, have established that repeated exposure to the thin ideal negatively impacts body image in girls and women and is a significant factor in low self-esteem and disordered eating. ”
Body Image Research 10 p. 25 “It’s no wonder, considering that only five percent of women actually fit this narrow ideal, as social anthropologist Kate Fox confirmed in her 1997 summary of body-image research. ”
Study on Relationship Between Model and Consumer 10 p. 25 “Barry conducted a study involving more than 2, 500 Canadian and American women of varying ethnicities, ages and sizes. He illustrated that female consumers’ purchasing intentions skyrocketed when women saw clothing featured on models that looked like them in relation to race, age and size. ”
Size Is Important to Consumers 10 p. 25 “Further, he found that women’s intentions to purchase actually decreased when they couldn’t identify with the model. Out of the three variables, size generated the most extreme results. ”
Percentages That Prove Consumers Value Size 10 p. 25 “When models were the same size as the consumer, their intention to purchase rose over 200 percent; for women greater than a size 6, that number shot up to 300 percent. On the flip side, purchase intentions dropped 60 percent and 76 percent, respectively, when the model did not reflect the consumer’s size. ”
Comparing Mannequins 10 p. 25 “In 1992, a study by two researchers, Minna Rintala and Pertti Mustajoki, compared Italian, Japanese and Malaysian mannequins from the 1920 s to the 1960 s. They found that ‘arm, hip, and thigh circumferences of modern display figures were two to three cm, eight cm, and four to five cm less, respectively, compared to those of figures from before the Second World War. ’”
1950 s Mannequins Before and After 10 p. 25 “Furthermore, upon examining calculated amounts of fat, the researchers determined that mannequins used prior to the 1950 s reflected a percentage typical of a young, healthy woman. After the 1950 s, mannequins grew progressively slimmer and possessed proportions not present in real female bodies. ”
Bertille During the Great Depression 10 p. 25 “…size 18 Bertille, created by Dutch artist Pierre Imans. Although Bertille and 1930 s mannequins of her size seem to be somewhat of an anomaly in mannequin history, they too projected an elusive body ideal for their era—one that reflected affluence. ”
Role of Mannequins 10 p. 25 “…but they have also acted as instruments within mass media that set beauty standards, enforce stereotypes and shape perceptions of perfection. ”
Perfect Mannequin 10 p. 26 “As leading mannequin designer Pucci has noted, the perfect mannequin stands about six feet tall, and, in inches would measure 32 -22 -32. ”
60 s Mannequins 10 p. 26 “In 1966, London-based South African designer Adel Rootstein created the famous Twiggy mannequin, fashioned after the internationally popular 17 -year old size 6 model. This drastic shift away from the big-busted, small-waisted, cartoonlike mannequins of the ’ 50 s fell right in line with the extreme social changes and upsurge of rebellion that defined the decade. ”
Black Mannequins 10 p. 26 “In the midst of the civil rights movement, Rootstein broke new ground again by creating Luna, a Black mannequin in the likeness of Donyale Luna, a world -renowned Paris runway model and the first African. American featured on the cover of Vogue. Even though Luna broke barriers in the fashion world, her likeness was consistently positioned in feline-like poses that reaffirmed the animalistic and overly sexualized stereotype for women of color. ”
Petite Mannequins 10 p. 26 “On the surface, the inclusion of petite figures could be seen as progress on the size-inclusive front. However, as journalist Helen Burggraf noted in Crain’s New York Business, petite mannequins are “universally several inches taller than the women for whom they were designed… because ‘clothes simply look better on taller figures. ’”
Older Mannequins 10 p. 26 “Coinciding with the aging and well-off baby boomer generation, the first line of older mannequins appeared in 1988 with Robert Filoso’s “Classic Drama, ” representing women between the ages of 42 and 48. Then, in 1989, Filoso created “Gloria, ” the first in another line of older mannequins…”
Plus Sized Mannequins Sizing 10 p. 26 “Interestingly, even plus-sized mannequins haven’t accurately represented plus-sized bodies. Bust magazine reported in 2013 that, historically, ‘most mannequins for larger clothes were made by just magnifying the general proportions of smaller mannequins. ’”
Cornell University Students Create Plus-Size Mannequin 10 p. 26 “This past May, however, two Cornell University fashion design students created the first size 24 mannequin using authentic measurements. ”
Spain Demands Healthier Mannequins 10 p. 27 “In 2007, Spain’s health ministry mandated that healthier-looking mannequins, estimated to be a European size 38 (a British 10 or North American 8) replace the u ber-slender display models. ”
Majority of Canadian, British, and American Women are Overweight 10 p. 27 “According to Statistics Canada, 44 percent of Canadian women are considered overweight. The U. S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention and England’s National Health Service report 63. 9 percent of American women and 58. 4 percent of British women fall into the same category. ”
Old Navy’s “Super. Modelquins” 10 p. 27 “Since 2009, Old Navy’s “Super. Modelquins, ” mannequins of various races and ages, have been displayed at stores across North America. ”
Mannequins For People With Disabilities 10 p. 27 “In 2010, Debenhams incorporated mannequins using wheelchairs into their high street displays. Barry cites Canadian designer Izzy Camilleri as “one of the best examples” of accurate mannequin use. Camilleri’s window displays in her Toronto shop, IZ Adaptive Clothing, feature mannequins in the seated position so her clients—people who use wheelchairs—can clearly picture how garments would fall on their own bodies. ”
Åhléns Store Uses Plus-Size Mannequins 10 p. 27 “Earlier this year, a photo of a mannequin from the Swedish department store Åhléns went viral, attracting international attention. Little did the rest of the world know that this plus-sized mannequin is one of many various-sized figures the retailer has been using in its window displays for more than 10 years in order to cater to its different-sized clientele. ”
Interview 11 Mears, Ashley. Personal Interview. Nov. 2014.
How did you first enter the modeling world as a teenager? ----- 11
Is there a moment from your modeling career as a teenager that defined your whole experience and what was it? ----- 11
What experiences from your modeling as a teenager influenced your outlook when you entered modeling for the second time? ----- 11
What is your opinion on racial inequality in the modeling industry? ----- 11
You state that you often fell into monetary debt with your agency after they booked your jobs and flew you to different shoots. What is your opinion on forming a union for models to help with this problem? ----- 11
What are some positive and negative aspects of the modeling world from your perspective? ----- 11
Many models are pressured to change their “look” by losing weight. Did you ever feel this pressure or know anyone who did? If so, how did it affect your/their work in the business? ----- 11
Who do you still keep in contact with from the modeling world, if anyone? ----- 11
What did you learn from your modeling career? ----- 11
Did your second stint as a model change your outlook on life, and if so, how? ----- 11
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