Internationale Organisationen Kapitel VIII Europäische Organisationen Europarat OSZE

Internationale Organisationen Kapitel VIII: Europäische Organisationen (Europarat, OSZE, OECD) Prof. Dr. Andreas Zimmermann, LL. M. (Harvard)

Die Europäischen Organisationen

Der Europarat

Mitgliedschaft Article 4 Statute of the Council of Europe Any European State which is deemed to be able and willing to fulfil the provisions of Article 3 may be invited to become a member of the Council of Europe by the Committee of Ministers. Any State so invited shall become a member on the deposit on its behalf with the Secretary General of an instrument of accession to the present Statute.

Mitgliedschaft Art. 3 Statute of the Council of Europe Every member state of the Council of Europe accept the principles of the rule of law and of the enjoyment by all persons within its jurisdiction of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and collaborate sincerely and effectively in the realisation of the aim of the Council as specified in Chapter I”.

Mitgliedschaft OPINION No. 193 (1996) on Russia's request for membership of the Council of Europe 7. On the basis of these assurances and of the following considerations and commitments, the Assembly believes that Russia - in the sense of Article 4 of the Statute - is clearly willing and will be able in the near future to fulfil the provisions for membership of the Council of Europe as set forth in Article 3

Mitgliedschaft [Fortsetzung, Mitgliedschaft Russia] […] iv. the following legislation is being prepared as a matter of priority, with international consultation, on the basis of Council of Europe principles and standards: a new criminal code and a code of criminal procedure; a new civil code and a code of civil procedure; a law on the functioning and administration of the penitentiary system; v. new laws in line with Council of Europe standards will be introduced: on the role, functioning and administration of the Procurator's Office and of the Office of the Commissioner for Human Rights; for the protection of national minorities; on freedom of assembly and on freedom of religion; vi. the status of the legal profession will be protected by law: a professional bar association will be established; vii. those found responsible for human rights violations will be brought to justice - notably in relation to events in Chechnya;

Mitgliedschaft [Fortsetzung, Mitgliedschaft Russia] viii. effective exercise will be guaranteed of the rights enshrined in Article 27 of the constitution and in the law on freedom of movement and choice of place of residence; ix. conditions of detention will be improved in line with Recommendation R (87) 3 on European prison rules: in particular, the practically inhuman conditions in many pre-trial detention centres will be ameliorated without delay; x. responsibility for the prison administration and the execution of judgments will be transferred to the Ministry of Justice as soon as possible; […] 8. With a view to the fulfilment of these assurances and respect for these commitments, the Assembly resolves to establish - with the close co-operation of Russia's national parliamentary delegation - its own parliamentary "advisory and control" programme under the authority of the committees responsible for the implementation of Order No. 508 (1995) on the honouring of obligations and commitments by member states of the Council of Europe.

Europarat - Mitglieder

Aufbau

Europäische Übereinkommen • • • Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention (1950) + 14 Zusatzprotokolle Europäisches Übereinkommen über die friedliche Beilegung von Streitigkeiten (1957) Europäische Sozialcharta (1961) Europäische Ordnung der Sozialen Sicherheit (1964) Europäisches Übereinkommen über Staatenimmunität (1972) Europäisches Übereinkommen zur Verhütung von Folter und unmenschlicher oder erniedrigender Behandlung oder Strafe (1987) Rahmenübereinkommen zum Schutz von Minderheiten (1995) Datenschutzkonvention (1981) Übereinkommen zum Schutz der Menschenrechte und der Menschenwürde im Hinblick auf die Anwendung von Biologie und Medizin (1997), mit 4 ZP Europäische Anti-Doping-Konvention (1989) Europäische Konvention zur Staatsangehörigkeit (1997)

Europäischer Menschenrechtsschutz

EGMR

Aufbau EMRK Teil 1: Rechte und Pflichten Teil 2: Europäischer Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte Teil 3: Verschiedene Bestimmungen

Dynamische Auslegung der EMRK Tyrer v. United Kingdom (1978), application No. 5856/72, Series A, Vol. 26, 4 (15) „The Court must also recall that the Convention is a living instrument which, as the Commission rightly stressed, must be interpreted in the light of present day conditions. In the case before it, the Court cannot but be influenced by the developments and commonly accepted standards in the penal policy of the Member States of the Council of Europe in this field“

Individualbeschwerden Art. 34 ECHR (Individual applications) The Court may receive applications from any person, nongovernmental organisation or group of individuals claiming to be the victim of a violation by one of the High Contracting Parties of the rights set forth in the Convention or the Protocols thereto. The High Contracting Parties undertake not to hinder in any way the effective exercise of this right. Individual applications.

Verhältnis EGMR – nationale Rechtsordnung (1) BVerf. GE 74, 358 (369) – „Unschuldsvermutung“ „Bei der Auslegung des Grundgesetzes sind auch Inhalt und Entwicklungsstand der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention in Betracht zu ziehen, sofern dies nicht zu einer Einschränkung oder Minderung des Grundrechtsschutzes nach dem Grundgesetz führt, eine Wirkung, die Konvention indes selbst ausgeschlossen will (Art. 60 EMRK). Deshalb dient insoweit auch die Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte als Auslegungshilfe für die Bestimmung von Inhalt und Reichweite von Grundrechten und rechtsstaatlichen Grundsätzen des Grundgesetzes. Auch Gesetze - hier die Strafprozeßordnung - sind im Einklang mit den völkerrechtlichen Verpflichtungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland auszulegen und anzuwenden, selbst wenn sie zeitlich später erlassen worden sind als ein geltender völkerrechtlicher Vertrag; denn es ist nicht anzunehmen, daß der Gesetzgeber, sofern er dies nicht klar bekundet hat, von völkerrechtlichen Verpflichtungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland abweichen oder die Verletzung solcher Verpflichtungen ermöglichen will. “

Verhältnis EGMR – nationale Rechtsordnung (2) Görgülü-Beschluss, BVerf. GE 111, 307 (R. 47) „Zur Bindung an Gesetz und Recht gehört aber auch die Berücksichtigung der Gewährleistungen der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention und der Entscheidungen des Gerichtshofs im Rahmen methodisch vertretbarer Gesetzesauslegung. Sowohl die fehlende Auseinandersetzung mit einer Entscheidung des Gerichtshofs als auch deren gegen vorrangiges Recht verstoßende schematische "Vollstreckung" können deshalb gegen Grundrechte in Verbindung mit dem Rechtsstaatsprinzip verstoßen. “

Verhältnis EGMR – nationale Rechtsordnung (3) BVerf. G, 2 Bv. R 2365/09 vom 4. 5. 2011 – „Sicherungsverwahrung“ Leitsätze, 2 c) „Grenzen der völkerrechtsfreundlichen Auslegung ergeben sich aus dem Grundgesetz. Die Berücksichtigung der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention darf nicht dazu führen, dass der Grundrechtsschutz nach dem Grundgesetz eingeschränkt wird; das schließt auch die Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention selbst aus (vgl. Art. 53 EMRK). Dieses Rezeptionshemmnis kann vor allem in mehrpoligen Grundrechtsverhältnissen relevant werden, in denen das „Mehr“ an Freiheit für den einen Grundrechtsträger zugleich ein „Weniger“ für den anderen bedeutet. Die Möglichkeiten einer völkerrechtsfreundlichen Auslegung enden dort, wo diese nach den anerkannten Methoden der Gesetzesauslegung und Verfassungsinterpretation nicht mehr vertretbar erscheint“.

OSZE

KSZE – Schlussakte von Helsinki Teil I: Fragen der Sicherheit in Europa Teil II: Zusammenarbeit in den Bereichen der Wirtschaft, der Wissenschaft und der Technik sowie der Umwelt Teil III: Zusammenarbeit im Mittelmeerraum Teil IV: Zusammenarbeit in humanitären und anderen Bereichen Teil V: Folgen der Konferenz

OSZE - Mitgliedschaft

OSZE - Organe

OECD

OECD -Mitgliedschaft

OECD - Mitgliedschaft + Estonia (20109 + Chile (2010) + Israel (2010) + Slovenia (2010)

Ziele und Aufgaben der OECD Article 1 OECD-Convention The aims of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (hereinafter called the "Organisation") shall be to promote policies designed: (a) to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy; (b) to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as nonmember countries in the process of economic development; and (c) to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, nondiscriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations.

Themenfelder OECD Agriculture and fisheries Bribery and corruption Chemical safety and biosafety Competition Corporate governance Development Economy Education Employment Environment Finance Green growth and sustainable development • Health • • • • • • • Industry and entrepreneurship Innovation Insurance and pensions International migration Internet Investment Public governance Regional, rural and urban development Regulatory reform Science and technology Social and welfare issues Tax Trade

NATO

NATO Article 5 North Atlantic Treaty The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall immediately be reported to the Security Council. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security.

NATO Article 4 North Atlantic Treaty The Parties will consult together whenever, in the opinion of any of them, the territorial integrity, political independence or security of any of the Parties is threatened.

NATO Article 6 (1) For the purpose of Article 5, an armed attack on one or more of the Parties is deemed to include an armed attack: - on the territory of any of the Parties in Europe or North America, on the Algerian Departments of France (2), on the territory of or on the Islands under the jurisdiction of any of the Parties in the North Atlantic area north of the Tropic of Cancer; - on the forces, vessels, or aircraft of any of the Parties, when in or over these territories or any other area in Europe in which occupation forces of any of the Parties were stationed on the date when the Treaty entered into force or the Mediterranean Sea or the North Atlantic area north of the Tropic of Cancer.

NATO Strategic Concept 2010 […] This Strategic Concept will guide the next phase in NATO’s evolution, so that it continues to be effective in a changing world, against new threats, with new capabilities and new partners It commits the Alliance to prevent crises, manage conflicts and stabilize post-conflict situations, including by working more closely with our international partners, most importantly the United Nations and the European Union. It offers our partners around the globe more political engagement with the Alliance, and a substantial role in shaping the NATO-led operations to which they contribute. It commits NATO to continuous reform towards a more effective, efficient and flexible Alliance, so that our taxpayers get the most security for the money they invest in defence.

NATO – 9/11 Statement by NATO Secretary General, Lord Robertson 2 October 2001 The facts are clear and compelling. The information presented points conclusively to an Al-Qaida role in the 11 September attacks. We know that the individuals who carried out these attacks were part of the world-wide terrorist network of Al-Qaida, headed by Osama bin Laden and his key lieutenants and protected by the Taleban. On the basis of this briefing, it has now been determined that the attack against the United States on 11 September was directed from abroad and shall therefore be regarded as an action covered by Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, which states that an armed attack on one or more of the Allies in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all.

Wichtige Einsätze der NATO • 1994: Bosnien-Herzegowina • 1995: Republik Sprska (Operation Joint Endeavour) => IFOR/SFOR (1996 -2004) • 1999: Kosovo => KFOR • 2001: Afghanistan (Operation Active Endeavour) => ISAF • 2008: Horn of Africa • 2011: Libyen

NATO - Mitgliedschaft Article 10 North Atlantic Treaty The Parties may, by unanimous agreement, invite any other European State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area to accede to this Treaty. Any State so invited may become a Party to the Treaty by depositing its instrument of accession with the Government of the United States of America. The Government of the United States of America will inform each of the Parties of the deposit of each such instrument of accession

NATO - Mitglieder

Aufbau der NATO