International Space Station (ISS) Orbital Assembly ISS Current Configuration ISS Future Configuration Reference Information Select Image
ISS Orbital Assembly 1. Assembly Started 2. Living Quarters Added 4. American Lab Added Select Image 3. First Solar Array Set Deployed 5. Truss Built and Solar 6. Labs Added Arrays, Dextre, and Spares Added
Zarya Control Module is First ISS Element Launched December 1998 – The Russian built FGB, also called Zarya, is seen from the Space Shuttle Endeavour as the crew readied the remote manipulator system (RMS) for Zarya capture as they awaited the rendezvous. Endeavour carries the American built Node 1, called Unity will be berthed to Zarya. The image was recorded by a STS-088 crew member from the Space Shuttle Endeavour.
Zarya Control Module Berthed to Unity Module Zarya PMA-1 December 1998 - The crew of the STS-88 Mission began assembly of the ISS joining the American Unity node to the Russian Zarya module in the Space Shuttle Endeavour’s payload bay. The image was taken by a crew member using an IMAX® camera. Astronauts Jerry Ross (left) and James Newman are shown. Unity PMA-2 APAS
Unity and Zarya Control Modules After Release December 1998 – The image was recorded from the Space Shuttle Endeavour.
Zvezda Service Module Connected to Zarya December 2000 –The ISS image was recorded by STS-97 crew members onboard the approaching Space Shuttle Endeavour. Progress. M 13 Zvezda Zarya
Zenith-1 (Z-1) Truss Structure Mounted to Unity October 2000 - After separation of the Space Shuttle Discovery from the ISS, a STS-92 crew member recorded this "edge-on" image. PMA-3 Z-1 Truss Structure PMA-2 (Space Shuttle Docking) SGANT
Photovoltaic Arrays Deployed After Attachment to Z-1 Truss December 2000 – The Space Shuttle Endeavour was moving toward the Earth from above the ISS when this image was recorded by a STS-97 crew member. The ISS is moving away from the Endeavour. Photovoltaic Arrays (240 ft total length) Soyuz-TMA 31 P 6 Segment with Photovoltaic Arrays
Destiny Laboratory Module Berthed February 2001– The Space Shuttle Altantis flew halfway around the ISS and its new Destiny laboratory before starting its return to Earth. The ISS was photographed by one of the astronauts onboard Atlantis. Destiny Lab Module PMA-2 (Space Shuttle Docking Location)
Destiny Laboratory Module is Outfitted February 2001 - STS-98 astronauts move a rack into position aboard the newly attached Destiny laboratory. Hatch Opening Rack Stand-off (4 Places)
Manipulator Arm and Quest Joint Airlock Module Added July 2001 - The image was record Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-104 cr long after the two spacecrafts sep Quest Joint Airlock Module Soyuz-TM 32 SSRMS Manipulator Arm
Pirs Docking Compartment Module Connected to Zvezda April 2002 – This image of the ISS was recorded by the STS 110 crew members on board the Space Shuttle Atlantis. Pirs
Poisk Docking Module Connected to Zvezda November 21, 2009 - The Russian Mini Research Module 2 (MRM-2), called “Poisk” (Search), with Progress after the unmanned spacecraft automatically docked to the upward facing zenith port on the Zvezda module. Progress Poisk
Poisk Docking Module Connected to Zvezda May 18, 2010 - In the grasp of the robotic Canadarm 2, the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1), named “Rassvet” (Dawn), is attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Module. Canadarm 2 Rassvet Poisk Zarya
Integrated Truss Structure (ITS) & Mobile Base System (MBS) Added December 2002 – This ISS image was recorded by a STS-113 crew member on board the Space Shuttle Endeavour. Center Truss Segment P 1 Truss MBS S 1 Truss Cradle Assembly
Solar Array Segments Added and P 6 Retracted ` S 3/4 Segment Retracted P 6 Solar Array Set P 3/4 Segment P 5 Segment June 19, 2007 – A Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-117 crewmember captured this full view of the ISS before returning to the Earth.
Solar Array Segment Relocated February 18, 2008 – After undocking from the ISS, a STS-122 crewmember from the Space Shuttle Atlantis mission captured this image. ` P 6 Solar Array Set Relocated S 4 Segment (Solar Arrays Disabled) S 5 Segment P 5 Segment
Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM) Added March 18, 2008 - SPDM or Dextre (center), in the grasp of the (center), station's robotic Canadarm 2, is photographed by a crewmember on the ISS. Also pictured are solar array panels (right) and a section of a station truss (left) with the Spacelab Pallet (upper left).
SPDM Characteristics: • Arm Length is 11 ft • Body Length is 12 ft • Shoulder width is 7. 7 ft • Approximate weight is 3, 440 lbs • Handles ORUs up to 1, 323 lbs with accuracy of 0. 25 in Image Courtesy of the Canadian Space Agency
STS-126 Shuttle Mission ` P 4 SAW SARJ P 3 Truss Element BGA P 4 Truss Element November 20, 2008 - The STS-126 Endeavor Shuttle Mission Astronauts Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper (left) and Shane Kimbrough continued the repair of the Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ). SARJ continuously rotates the two P 4 Solar Array Wings (SAW) aligning the arrays with the sun as the ISS orbits the Earth. Each SAW is also oriented to the sun by the Beta Gimbal Assembly (BGA) changing the pitch of the arrays. The STS-126 mission delivered 14, 400 lbs of equipment and supplies to the ISS including a new toilet and complex water processing system.
Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ) T-Rings -X ` Rib P 4 Side (Outboard) Trundle Bearing Assembly Launch Lock Utility Transfer Assembly Race Rings Cable Support Skirts -Y Rotary Joint Motor Control #1 P 3 Side (Inboard) Rotary Joint Motor Control #2 +Z Drive Lock Assembly Cable Support The SARJ has suffered serious erosion and degradation on at least one of its three bearing surfaces, subjecting the mechanism to high vibration and generating extensive metallic debris. Prior to the STS-126 mission in November 2008, the joint no longer tracked the sun and was only repositioned occasionally to improve electrical output.
Solar Array Segment Added ` March 25, 2009 – The image was taken by a STS-119 crewmember shortly after the Space Shuttle Discovery undocked from the ISS. S 6 Solar Array S 5 Segment
Express Logistics Carrier 2 (ELC-2) Added ` Canadarm 2 ELC-2 November 21, 2009 - The Canadarm 2, controlled by Atlantis and the ISS crews, prepares to mate the ELC- 2 with large spare units to the Zenith/Outboard Payload Attachment System (PAS) on the S 3 Truss.
Harmony Node and Columbus Lab Added February 18, 2008 – The image was taken by a STS-122 crewmember shortly after the Space Shuttle Atlantis undocked from the ISS. PMA-2 (Docking Location) Harmony Node 2 Module Columbus Laboratory Module
Japanese Experiment Module Added July 2009 - The Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), called "Kibo, " is completed with the addition of the Exposed Facility. Pressurized Module Logistics Module Remote Manipulator System Harmony Node 2 Module Exposed Facility Inter-orbit Communication System
New Crew Quarters Compartment Added September 1, 2009 - European Space Agency astronaut Christer Fuglesang (left), STS-128 mission specialist, prepares to install a new crew quarters compartment in the Kibo laboratory. The crew compartment was launched inside the space shuttle Discovery’s cargo bay in the Leonardo Multi-Purpose Logistics Module. September 2, 2009 - NASA astronaut Michael Barratt, Expedition 20 flight engineer, works on outfitting the recently installed crew quarters compartment. A crew member can sleep, work and relax in the compartment.
Tranquility and Cupola Added February 2010 - The newly-installed Tranquility node and Cupola are visible at top left. Cupola Tranquility Node 3 Unity Node 1
Tranquility Outfitted February 15, 2010 - NASA astronauts (left) George Zamka, Terry Virts, and T. J. Creamer work in the Tranquility node. The Waste and Hygiene Compartment (WHC) is shown in the Destiny laboratory prior to relocation to Tranquility during the STS-130 mission in February 2010. The WHC first arrived during the STS-126 Endeavor Shuttle Mission in November 2008. The toilet is housed in an equipment rack configuration. The open compartment door reveals the interior. The WHC is the second toilet facility on the ISS. The first ISS toilet is located in the Russian Zvezda module. Toilet Seat
Cupola Outfitted February 18, 2010 - Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Soichi Noguchi uses a still camera at a window in the Cupola. The "bay window" is the first on the ISS. The first opportunity to use the Cupola controls to grab and berth an approaching spacecraft will probably come when Japan’s second H-II Transfer Vehicle arrives in 2011. February 19, 2010 - NASA astronaut George Zamka (left) is pictured in a window of the newly-installed Cupola. The seven-windowed Cupola is an observation and control tower for the ISS with windows that provide a panoramic view for observing and guiding operations on the outside of the station. It gives crew members an alternative to the video views they have been using to operate the station’s robotic arm and monitor approaching vehicles.
Permanent Multipurpose Module March 1, 2011 - In the grasp of the Canadarm 2, the Italian-built Permanent Multipurpose Module (PMM) is transferred from space shuttle Discovery's payload bay to be permanently attached to the Earthfacing port of Unity. The PMM will be used for stowage.
Robonaut 2 or R 2 is the next generation dexterous robot, developed through a Space Act Agreement by NASA and General Motors. It is faster, more dexterous and more technologically advanced than its predecessors and able to use its hands to do work beyond the scope of previously introduced humanoid robots. 15 March 15, 2011 - Astronaut Cady Coleman, Expedition 26/27 flight engineer, poses with Robonaut 2. R 2 was packed with supplies and equipment for the station inside the Leonardo Permanent Multipurpose Module. Now that R 2 is unpacked, it will initially be operated inside the Destiny laboratory during operational testing, but over time both its territory and its applications could expand. There are no plans to return R 2 to Earth.
Robonaut 2 Characteristics § Head - houses the vision equipment. Specifications: § Materials: Primarily aluminum with steel, and non-metallics. § Weight: 330 lbs § Height: 3 ft, 4 inches (from waist to head) § Shoulder width: 2 ft, 7 inches § Arms’ Wingspan: 8 ft § Sensors: A total of 350+ § Processors: 38 Power PC Processors § Degrees of freedom: A total of 42 § Speed: Up to 7 ft per sec Behind the visor are two stereo vision cameras for R 2 and its operators, and two auxiliary cameras. A fifth infrared camera is located in the mouth for depth perception. § Neck - 3 degrees of freedom allowing R 2 to look left, right, up, or down. § Arms - 2 ft, 8 inches long with each arm boasting 7 degrees of freedom and the strength to hold 20 lbs in any pose in Earth’s gravity. § Hands - A total of 12 degrees of freedom with 4 degrees of freedom in the thumb, 3 degrees of freedom each in the index and middle fingers, and 1 each in the ring and pinky fingers. Each finger has a grasping force of 5 lbs. § Torso - The R 2 computer is included. § Backpack - Holds the power conversion system allowing R 2 to be plugged in on Earth and on the ISS. Holds the batteries on the Moon, asteroid or on another planet. § Degrees of freedom - The number of displacements and rotations along which an object can move; a higher number indicates an increased flexibility in positioning.
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer-02 May 29, 2011 - The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02), shown (left) attached to the truss, is a state-of-the-art particle physics detector designed to operate as an external module on the ISS. It will use the unique environment of space to study the universe and its origin by searching for antimatter and dark matter while performing precision measurements of cosmic rays composition and flux. The AMS-02 observations will help answer fundamental questions such as: What makes up the universe’s invisible mass? or What did happen to the primordial antimatter? ” The AMS-02 experiment utilizes a large permanent magnet to produce a strong, uniform magnetic field over a large volume. The magnetic field is used to bend the path of charged cosmic particles as they pass through five different types of detectors. The AMS-02 detector is shown (right) during integration and testing at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) near Geneva, Switzerland.
Robotics Refueling Mission Payload Added ` July 12, 2011 - With his feet secured on a restraint on the ISS Canadarm 2 robotic arm, NASA astronaut Mike Fossum holds the Robotics Refueling Mission payload, an experiment designed to demonstrate and test the tools needed to robotically refuel satellites in space.
ISS Current Configuration May 23, 2011 - The full view of the ISS and the docked space shuttle Endeavour was photographed by a Soyuz TMA-20 crew member following the undocking. The three crew members landed in Kazakhstan, Russia later that day completing 159 days in space.
ISS Future Configuration - as of November 2011 ISS Assembly Sequence
Reference Information - Page 1 of 2 Text and Images: Creating the International Space Station by David Harland John Catchpole; Pravis Publishing, 2002 - includes the ISS history, hardware description and orbital assembly through April 2002. Station Hurdle by Frank Morring, Jr; Aviation Week and Space Technology; February 25, 2008; Volume 168, page 21 - includes ISS disabled S 4 solar arrays. Long Haul by Frank Morring, Jr; Aviation Week and Space Technology; November 30, 2009; Volume 171, page 42 - includes a description of how the large ISS spares are transported and stored in space. Bay Window by Frank Morring, Jr; Aviation Week and Space Technology; February 22, 2010; Volume 172, page 33 - describes the Tranquility node and the Cupola observation module. MIR Human Waste Disposal Unit System image photographed by Mike Snodgrass, September 2010. Text and Images: http: //spaceflight. nasa. gov/gallery/ http: //t 2 spflnasa. r 3 h. net/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-104/hires/sts 104 -723 -014. jpg http: //www. space. gc. ca/asc/eng/iss/mss_spdm. asp http: //www. nasa. gov/ http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/Category: Pictures_and_images Text only: http: //spaceflight. nasa. gov/gallery/ http: //spaceflight. nasa. gov/station/isstodate. html http: //www. boeing. com/defense-space/spacestation/components/zarya. html http: //www. boeing. com/defense-space/spacestation/components/node_1_2_3. html http: //www. boeing. com/defensespace/spacestation/components/russian_service_module. html
Reference Information - Page 2 of 2 Text only (Continued): http: //www. boeing. com/defense-space/spacestation/components/integrated_truss. html http: //www. boeing. com/defense-space/spacestation/components/us_laboratory. html http: //spaceflight. nasa. gov/station/assembly/elements/mss/index. html http: //www. boeing. com/defense-space/spacestation/components/docs/P 3 -P 4. pdf http: //www. spaceflightnow. com/ http: //kibo. jaxa. jp/en/about/kibo/ http: //iss. jaxa. jp/iss/kibo/develop_status_14_e. html http: //www. nasa. gov/externalflash/ISSRG/pdfs/harmony. pdf http: //www. nasa. gov/mission_pages/station/behindscenes/126_payload. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/ http: //www. esa. int/SPECIALS/node 3/SEM 1 XBSJR 4 G_0. html http: //www. esa. int/esa. HS/SEMHOB 9 ATME_business_0. html http: //www. esa. int/SPECIALS/node 3/SEM 4 FHSJR 4 G_0. html http: //www. nasm. si. edu/collections/artifact. cfm? id=A 20000786000 http: //www. nasa. gov/ http: //robonaut. jsc. nasa. gov/default. asp http: //www. ams 02. org/ http: //ams-02 project. jsc. nasa. gov/html/Projectpage. htm http: //www. nasa. gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/RRM. html http: //www. nasa. gov/mission_pages/station/structure/iss_manifest. html End
ISS General Information (as of 3 -9 -11) ISS Flights American: 35 Space Shuttle flights Russian: 2 Proton launch vehicle flights 25 Soyuz crew flights 2 Soyuz assembly flight 41 Progress resupply flights European: 2 Automated Transfer Vehicle flight Japanese: 2 H-II Transfer Vehicle flight ISS Characteristics Orbit: 247 statute miles altitude; 17, 000 miles per hour speed; 51. 6 degree inclination above and below the equator Weight: 919, 964 lbs (460 tons) Size: length 240 ft and width 356 ft (across solar arrays) Spacewalks Space Shuttle-based: 28 spacewalks ISS-based: 127 spacewalks Total time: over 973 hours (40. 5 days) Crew Support In flight: 6 crew members Ground: more than 100, 000 personnel States: 37 Countries: 16
Zarya Control Module The Russian Zarya (Russian for Sunrise) module, launched on the Proton launch vehicle in November 1998, is the first ISS element to orbit Earth. The Zarya module, also known by the Russian technical term Functional Cargo Block (FGB), provides orientation control, communications and electrical power for the ISS initial phase. Zarya is reduced to a storage role in later phases. Zarya is 41 ft long, 13. 5 ft wide and weighs 42, 000 lbs.
Unity Module The American Unity node module, launched on the Space Shuttle Endeavour, STS 88, was berthed to Zarya in December 1998. The 25, 600 lb, 18 ft long and 14. 8 ft diameter module serves as a connecting passageway between ISS elements using the six Common Berthing Mechanisms (CBM). One CBM is on each end and four CBMs are equally spaced around Unity’s circumference. Unity is similar to the Destiny lab module having 4 standoffs, but it only has 4 equipment racks. The Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA)– 1 is mounted on a CBM of Unity to provide access to Zarya. The PMA mates with an exact copy of itself and can serve as either the passive or active device when mating with another one. The PMAs can be mounted to any CBMs allowing Space Shuttles and Russian modules to dock. The PMA-2 is mounted to Unity and it is where the Space Shuttle temporarily docks using the Androgynous Peripheral Attach System (APAS). The APAS has an active capture ring that extends outward from a structural ring on the Space Shuttle that captures a passive mating ring on the PMA-2. After capture, the ring aligns and pulls the two together to allow 12 structural hooks to deploy latching the Space Shuttle and ISS with an airtight seal. The APAS was designed by Moscow-based RSC Energia and it has roots in the Apollo-Soyuz program. Its current design is based on APAS used in the Shuttle-Mir program.
Zvezda Service Module The Russian Zvezda (Russian for Star) module, launched on the Proton launch vehicle in July 2000, is docked to Zarya. Zvezda, 43 ft long and 13. 6 ft in diameter weighing 42, 000 lbs, serves as the main living quarters. Zvezda is the core of the Russian portion of the ISS. Initial control of the station was from Zvezda by controllers located in Moscow. Zvezda was designed for a crew of three, and up to six for short periods of time. It contains sleeping quarters for two people, a hygiene facility, a waste compartment, an American exercise treadmill and stationary bicycle, and a galley containing a refrigerator/freezer and a folding table for preparing/serving meals. Zvezda also contains the attitude control and orbital re-boost propulsion systems located at the end opposite Zarya. The Russian Progress-M 13 logistics supply craft docked to Zvezda in August 2000. Its 280 lb dry cargo included food, clothes and various computers. The primary cargo was propellant for Zvezda.
Zenith-1 (Z-1) Truss Structure The American Z-1 Truss Structure, launched on the Space Shuttle Discovery, STS-92, in October 2000, is attached to Unity. The Z-1 contains the Control Moment Gyroscope (CMG) attitude control system, communications equipment and antenna. The Z-1 will serve as a temporary mount for the Port 6 (P 6) power system of the Integrated Truss Structure (ITS) with its photovoltaic arrays and cooling radiators. When the ITS has been completed, the P 6 segment will be relocated on the far end of the truss. The Z-1 Space to Ground Antenna (SGANT) is deployed. The American Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA)-3 is mounted on Unity’s CBM.
Photovoltaic Arrays The American P 6 Truss Segment with a photovoltaic power system is launched on the Space Shuttle Endeavour, STS-97, in December 2000; mounted to the Z-1 Truss Structure; and its two 240 ft photovoltaic arrays are deployed. The 17, 000 lb P 6 segment is comprised of a 45 ft tall truss structure, cooling radiators and solar arrays. Motors extended the telescopic masts deploying the photovoltaic arrays from their blanket boxes. The arrays rotate to track the sun as the ISS orbits the Earth. The Russian Soyuz-TM 31 Crew Transport docks to the ISS, and three crew members are the first to occupy the station in November 2000. The Soyuz and Space Shuttle ferry crew members from the Earth to the ISS and back. The Soyuz will also serve as the Crew Return Vehicle (CRV) to evacuate the crew in an emergency during the early occupation of the ISS.
Destiny Laboratory Module The American Destiny laboratory module, launched on the Space Shuttle Atlantis, STS-98, is mounted to Unity in February 2001. The 28 ft long, 14 ft diameter, 32, 000 lb, laboratory is constructed from three aluminum cylinders and a pair of aluminum end cones with a single, 20 inch diameter window located in the center cylinder. Each end cone has a hatch, 50 inches square with rounded corners, where the crew enters or exits the lab. The exterior is covered with insulation and debris shields for protection against space temperature, debris and micrometeoroids. Control of the ISS is changed from the Russians to NASA after Destiny is made operational.
Destiny Laboratory Module Interior Inside the American Destiny laboratory module, four equally spaced “stand-off” structures provide mounting provisions and space for power lines, data management, vacuum systems, air conditioning ducts, water lines and more to accommodate the equipment racks. The module can hold 24 equipment racks with 6 on each side. Each rack is 6. 1 ft tall, 3. 5 ft wide and weighs about 1, 200 lbs. Eleven system racks are required to support the laboratory environment and control system. Only 6 racks were launched onboard Destiny due to the Space Shuttle constraints. The remaining system racks and the 13 science racks, supporting micro-gravity and technology experiments, will be ferried to the ISS by the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module on Space Shuttle flights.
Remote Manipulator Arm and Quest Joint Airlock Module The Canadian Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS) with a 56 ft mechanical arm, launched on the Space Shuttle Endeavor, STS-100, is installed April 2001. The SSRMS arm is an advanced version of the Space Shuttle 50 ft Canadian Remote Manipulator System arm with seven motorized joints. The SSRMS can relocate its position by using a latching end effector (hand) at each end to “walk” from one grapple fixture, mounted to the ISS, to another. The mobile servicing system supports the assembly of the station, handling of large payloads and orbital replacement units, maintenance, and provides EVA support. The Quest joint airlock module, launched on Space Shuttle Atlantis, STS 104, is attached July 2001. The 13, 000 lb, 18. 5 ft long airlock is used to support Extravehicular Activity (EVA) by astronauts and cosmonauts. It has two sections. The largest section is where the crew can pre-breathe, don and doff their spacesuits and store their EVA equipment. The smaller section is used to egress and ingress the airlock through a circular hatch. The Russian Soyuz-TM 32, the lifeboat replacement, docked to Zarya in April 2001.
PIRS Module The Russian Pirs (Russian for Pier) module, delivered to the ISS by a Progress service module, is attached in September 2001. Pirs provides a third docking location for the Soyuz and Progress, and the airlock facilitates EVA using the Russian Orlan spacesuits during assembly of the station. A 3. 3 ft diameter side hatch serves as an airlock for cosmonauts wearing the Orlan pressure suits. Pirs is 16 ft long, 8. 4 ft in diameter and weighs 7, 893 lbs. The Quest airlock provides EVA access to the American modules and the Integrated Truss Structure, and the Pirs airlock accommodates easier access to the Russian part of the ISS.
Poisk Module The Russian MRM-2 or Poisk (Russian for Search) is a docking module 13. 3 ft in length, 8. 4 ft in diameter and weighs 8, 090 lbs. It is almost identical to the Pirs Docking Compartment and will serve as an additional docking port for the Soyuz and Progress spacecrafts as well as an airlock for spacewalks. It provides the third docking port for the Russian segment of the ISS including: Zvezda, Pirs and Poisk. This is a necessity for the long -term support of six full-time crew members. Poisk will also provide extra space for scientific experiments, and provide power-supply outlets and data -transmission interfaces for two external scientific payloads being developed by the Russian Academy of Sciences. The jettisoning of the Progress spacecraft from the Poisk module happened around 8 December. Progress was destroyed during re-entry into the atmosphere.
Rasset Module The Russian MRM-1 or Rasset (Russian for Dawn) is a docking module 16. 7 ft in length, 7. 7 ft in diameter and weighs 17, 670 lbs. Rassvet will be primarily used for cargo storage and as a docking port for a Soyuz or Progress spacecraft. It was flown to the ISS aboard STS-132 on May 14, 2010 aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis. The module was designed and built by S. P. Korolev RSC Energia from the already-made pressurized hull of the mock-up for the dynamic tests of the canceled Science Power Platform (SPP). The SPP was a planned Russian element of the ISS that was intended to be delivered to the ISS by a Russian Proton rocket or Zenit rocket but was shifted to launch by a shuttle. SSP would have provided additional power for the ISS as well as roll axis control capability for the orbital facility. When an agreement was reached in March 2006 by the Russians and NASA to provide part of the power for the Russian segments from the four American solar arrays, the SPP was not needed.
Integrated Truss Structure & Mobile Base System The simple, girder-like appearance masks the ITS’ multiple ISS roles. Laboratories, living quarters, payloads and systems equipment are directly or indirectly connected to the ITS. American photovoltaic arrays, supplying 105 KW of ISS power (enough to light a town), will be attached to the ITS. Wires and cables snake through the truss to carry energy and information to the farthest reaches of the station. The starboard side of the truss incorporates four external attach points for experiments and the port side two. The ITS also houses batteries, radiators, antennas and gyroscopes. The Center Truss Segment is attached to the Cradle Assembly affixed to the American laboratory module Destiny. From the Center Truss Segment, the ITS will eventually extend on both sides until it reaches a total length of more than 300 ft. Space Shuttle missions delivered and supported the assembly of the pre-integrated truss segments. The three truss segments assembled include: The American Center (S 0) Truss is attached in April 2002. The American Starboard 1 (S 1) Truss is attached in October 2002. The American Port 1 (P 1) Truss is attached in November 2002. The Canadian MBS was installed in June 2002. The MBS provides lateral mobility for the Canadian 56 ft robotic arm system along rails attached to the ITS.
P 3/4, P 5 and S 3/4 Segments Added and P 6 Retracted September 2006 - Space Shuttle Atlantis, STS-115, delivers the American P 3/4 Truss Segment with a second pair of solar arrays. The Atlantis crew supports deployment of the solar arrays. December 2006 - Space Shuttle Discovery, STS-116, transports the American P 5 Truss Segment. The P 5 segment is attached to the P 3/4 segment. The crew also supports the retraction of one of the two P 6 solar array wings. June 2007 - Space Shuttle Atlantis, STS-117, delivers the American S 3/4 Truss Segment with a third pair of solar arrays, and supports the S 3/4 solar array deployment and the retraction of the second P 6 solar array wing. Temporarily installed on the Z-1 truss, the P 6 segment will be relocated to its permanent location on the P 5 segment in November 2007.
S 5 Segment Added, P 6 Relocated and S 3/4 Damaged August 2007 - The Space Shuttle Endeavour, STS-118 mission, adds the S 5 Segment. November 2007 - The P 6 segment is relocated from the Z-1 truss to its permanent location on the P 5 segment and its solar arrays are deployed during the Space Shuttle Discovery, STS-120 mission. - Unexpected debris is found in the S 4 Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ) during a spacewalk. The S 4 solar array set is not able to track the sun because the SARJ is damaged. Without the S 4 solar arrays, the ISS may not be able to support operations beyond the delivery of the Japanese Kibo Pressurized Module.
Harmony Node and Columbus Lab Modules Added The Harmony node 2 module, launched on the Space Shuttle Discovery, STS-120, on October 23, 2007, was berthed to the ISS Destiny module. The aluminum node is 31, 500 lbs, 23. 6 ft long and 14. 5 ft diameter. The module serves as a connecting passage between the European lab Columbus, the American lab Destiny and, eventually, the Japanese lab Kibo. It also provides a docking port (PMA-2) for the Space Shuttle and the Japanese HII transfer vehicle and serves as an attachment point for the Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules (MPLM). The structural and life-support systems design is based on the MPLM and the European Columbus laboratory. It was developed for NASA under an ESA contract with European industry. Alcatel. Alenia Space is the prime contractor. The European Columbus laboratory module was launched in February 7, 2008 on the Space Shuttle Atlantis, STS-122. The 22. 5 ft long, 14. 7 ft diameter, 28, 100 lb research lab provides for experiments in the field of multidisciplinary research in material science, fluid physics and life science. External facilities also support experiments and applications in the field of space science, Earth observation and technology. Columbus holds 10 racks of experiments, each about the size of a phone booth. Five NASA racks will be added to the laboratory once it is in orbit. Each rack provides independent controls for power and cooling as well as communication links to earthbound controllers and researchers. These links will allow scientists all over Europe to participate in their own experiments. Daimler. Benz Aerospace of Bremen, Germany was the development prime contractor for the lab.
Dexterous Robot Provides Extra-Vehicular Support The ISS SPDM is an extremely advanced, highly dexterous, dual-armed robot with a body including two shoulder structures providing support for the arms. Each arm has seven joints terminating with the Orbit Replacement Unit/Tool Change-out Mechanism (OTCM). The OTCM interfaces the SPDM arm with payloads and tools. The SPDM is equipped with lights, video equipment, a tool platform and four tool holders. This two-armed robot is able to touch and feel much like a human. It can sense forces and moments on a payload and automatically compensate to ensure the payload is moved smoothly. The SPDM will be controlled by the ISS crew using a robotic workstation and perform many tasks previously requiring an extra-vehicular astronaut. The SPDM will normally sit on the ISS truss Mobile Base System. The Canadarm 2 will manipulate a payload to within the range of the SPDM for repair, maintenance or upgrade. The SPDM can also be grappled by the free end of the Canadarm 2 and maneuvered into position next to a payload needing assembly requiring a delicate touch. The primary role of the SPDM will be to carry out delicate maintenance and servicing tasks on the ISS. These tasks include: § Install and remove small payloads such as batteries, power supplies and computers; § Provide power and data connectivity to payloads; § Manipulate, install, remove and inspect scientific payloads; § Operate robotic tools such as specialized wrenches, and socket extensions for delicate maintenance and servicing tasks. MD Robotics, located in Brampton, Ontario, is the main contractor of the Dextre. The technology behind Dextre is built upon the heritage of its predecessor, the ISS Canadarm 2.
STS-126 Endeavor Shuttle Mission The STS-126 Endeavor shuttle delivered the 14, 400 lbs of equipment and supplies inside the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module that was temporarily attached to the station's Harmony module. The two primary objectives of the mission were: - Continue to repair the starboard SARJ and prepare the port SARJ for continued operations. - Install the regenerative Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) in preparation for six-crew operations beginning in the May 2008 timeframe. The new Waste and Hygiene Compartment (toilet) and complex water processing system design includes conversion of urine into ultra-pure water for drinking, food preparation, personal hygiene and oxygen generation. -- The expansion required on-board recycling because expendable launch vehicle servicing cannot deliver enough fresh water to support six full-time astronauts. Building and perfecting a closed-loop life support system is a critical first step toward eventual flights to the moon and Mars. The astronauts installed a new galley, a refrigerator, a combustion experiment rack and two new sleep stations that provide privacy and radiation protection. The shuttle also delivered a spare Rotary Coupler that lets the huge folding radiators turn to efficiently dissipate heat and brought a depleted coolant system pressurization tank back to Earth. EVA astronauts outfitted the recently added Japanese Kibo Module. The Multi-Purpose Logistics Module was loaded with 3, 500 lbs of equipment prior to being loaded back into Endeavors cargo bay for the return to Earth.
Solar Alpha Rotary Joint Repairs Continue The SARJ is a 10 ft diameter rotary joint that tracks the sun in the ISS alpha axis turning the entire P 4 Truss Segment. The SARJ can spin 360 degrees using 12 equally-spaced Trundle Bearing Assemblies (TBA) and a servo control system to turn. - All of the power flows through the Utility Transfer Assembly (UTA). Roll ring assemblies allow transmission of power and data across the rotating joint so it never has to unwind. Based on analysis of collected SARJ debris and a TBA removed on the previous shuttle mission, engineers determined the problem was caused by a lubrication failure. - While the damage is too extensive to fully repair, engineers believed a thorough cleaning and lubrication, and replacement of 11 TBAs would reduce friction to the point where the joint could be used in the manual mode to improve electrical generation. One TBA was replaced on the previous shuttle mission. - After the repair, the SARJ was tested. The post-servicing test showed the joint rotated almost as smoothly as it did when it was first installed. Additional tests and analysis are planned, but engineers are hopeful the joint can resume normal or near normal operations. The long-range solution will be for astronauts to partially disassemble the SARJ and insert a new race ring to take over from the one that has been damaged. - NASA intends to bring up another race and attach it to the damaged race and then roll on the new race. The outboard race will be saved for use later in the life of the ISS. - The SARJ was not designed to separate and put back together on orbit. It was assembled prior to flight and flew as an integrated truss. -- A technique has been developed but the hardware needs to be built. Jack screws will be built and attached where launch locks had been located. The joint will be separated about 10 inches and the new race ring will be installed and then the joint pulled back together. The current repair plan is late in 2010.
S 6 Segment Added March 2009 - Space Shuttle Discovery, STS-119, delivers the American S 6 Segment with the fourth pair of solar arrays. The S 6 Segment is attached to the S 5 Segment. The Discovery crew supported the deployment of the solar arrays that completed the assembly of the Integrated Truss Structure (ITS).
Express Logistics Carrier 1 & 2 Added The STS-129, Space Shuttle Atlantis, mission was devoted primarily to delivering critical spare parts and equipment or orbital replacement units (ORUs) that were too large to be delivered by European, Russian or Japanese cargo ships and can not fit through the ISS modules’ hatches. The big spares were transported into space on two pallets called the Express Logistics Carriers (ELC 1 & 2) that weighed about 27, 250 lbs and filled the orbiter’s payload bay. The major contractors for the ELCs are Brazil and Goddard Space Flight Center. The ELCs were installed with a handoff from the shuttle’s robotic arm, which pulled each one from the bay, to the station’s main arm, Canadarm 2, for final installation on the ISS truss. Most of the ORUs will remain on the ELCs until they are needed. - The spare hardware stored on ELC-1 includes: an Ammonia Tank Assembly, a Battery Charger Discharge Unit, a station robotic arm Latching End Effector, a Control Moment Gyroscope, a Nitrogen Tank Assembly, a Pump Module, a Plasma Contactor Unit and two empty Passive Flight Releasable Attachment Mechanisms. - The ELC-2 was launched with: an oxygen-filled High Pressure Gas Tank (HPGT), a Cargo Transport Container (CTC-1), a Mobile Transporter Trailing Umbilical System Reel Assembly (MT TUS-RA), a Control Moment Gyroscope, a Nitrogen Tank Assembly, a Pump Module, MISSE attachment hardware and one empty site for future payloads.
Japanese Experiment Module - Page 1 of 3 The JEM, known as "Kibo" (pronounced key-bow) which means hope in Japanese, is Japan's first human-rated space facility and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's (JAXA's) first contribution to the ISS program. - A maximum of four astronauts can perform experimental activities in Kibo. - Kibo experiments focus on space medicine, biology, earth observations, material production, biotechnology, and communications research. - Educational, cultural, and commercial uses of Kibo are also planned. - Resources necessary for Kibo's on-orbit operation, such as air, power, data, and cooling fluid, are provided by the US segment of the ISS. - Kibo consists of six components: the Pressurized Module, the Exposed Facility, a Logistics Module, a Remote Manipulator System, and an Inter-orbit Communication System. Pressurized Module (PM) - The PM was launched on the Space Shuttle Discovery, STS-124, on May 31, 2008, and it was berthed to the Harmony module. The PM consists of an aluminum cylinder and weighs 33, 000 lbs, and measures 36. 7 ft in length and 14. 4 ft in diameter. -The PM is the central part of Kibo where experiments utilizing the microgravity environment are conducted. - Ten experiment racks equipped with various devices are located inside. - The module was built by Mitsubisha Heavy Industries in Nagoya, Japan.
Japanese Experiment Module - Page 2 of 3 The Exposed Facility (EF) - The EF was launched on the Space Shuttle Endeavour, STS-127, on July 15, 2009, and berthed to the PM where it is exposed to space. The EF is a box-shaped structure 16. 4 ft in width and 17. 1 ft length. - The EF and the truss facilities are the only locations on the ISS where the space environment can be directly utilized. -The payloads, attached to the EF, can be exchanged or retrieved by Kibo's Remote Manipulator System. - The PM airlock is used when EF payloads are exchanged or retrieved. The Japanese Experiment Logistics Module (ELM) - The ELM is the first component of the Kibo laboratory to be installed on the ISS. It was launched on the Space Shuttle Discovery, STS-123, on March 11, 2008, and it was berthed to the Harmony module. The ELM consists of an aluminum cylinder weighing 18, 490 lbs and measuring 13. 8 ft in length and 14. 4 ft in diameter. - It serves as an on-orbit storage area that houses materials for experiments, maintenance tools and supplies. - After the PM was berthed to the Harmony module, the ELM was moved to the top of the PM. - Astronauts transferred eight racks, including system racks, experiment racks, and storage racks, to the PM from the ELM. - The module was built by Mitsubisha Heavy Industries in Nagoya, Japan.
Japanese Experiment Module - Page 3 of 3 The Remote Manipulator System (RMS) was launched attached to the PM. It serves as an arm to support experiments conducted on the EF. The 32. 8 ft main arm handles large items, and the 7. 2 ft small arm can be attached at the end of the main arm for delicate tasks. - The main arm is equipped with a TV camera that allows astronauts to monitor the operation from inside the PM. Inter-Orbit Communication System (ICS) - The ICS was launched on the Space Shuttle Endeavour, STS-127, on July 15, 2009. It provides an independent intercommunications network between Kibo and the Tsukuba Space Center (TKSC, JAXA). - Commands and voice data are uplinked from the ground through JAXA's Data Relay Test Satellite (DRTS), known as Kodama, to Kibo; experiment data, image data or voice data are downlinked from Kibo to the ground. - The ICS consists of two subsystem components: the ICS-Pressurized Module (ICS-PM) and the ICS-Exposed Facility (ICS-EF). The ICS-PM, which is installed in the PM, provides command data handling functions. The ICS-EF, mounted to the EF, is mainly composed of an antenna and pointing mechanism that is used to communicate with the DRTS.
STS-128 Discovery Shuttle Mission The STS-128 Discovery shuttle, launched on August 28, 2009, delivered 15, 200 lbs of equipment and supplies inside the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) that was temporarily attached to the station's Harmony module. The MPLM delivered science and storage racks, a freezer to store research samples, a new crew quarters compartment, and the COLBERT treadmill. - The modular crew quarters compartment is a rack-sized container, 6. 1 ft tall and 3. 5 ft wide, providing the occupants with their own “personal space. ” In their quarters, they can stow their personal belongings, rest, and spend their recreational time. Each unit provides the crew member with lighting, power, fans, ventilation, acoustic isolation, laptop computer connectivity, and caution and warning alarms. - The Combined Operational Load-Bearing External Resistance Treadmill, or COLBERT is named after comedian and host Stephen Colbert of Comedy Central's "The Colbert Report. " Stephen Colbert took an interest during the Node 3 naming poll and urged his followers to post the name "Colbert" which received the most entries. The treadmill will be the second on the station. The astronauts spent about 20 hours assembling the COLBERT is temporarily located in the Harmony module. Later, it will be moved into the Tranquility node after it is installed. The mission included three spacewalks to replace experiments outside the Columbus laboratory, and installed a new ammonia storage tank and returned the used one. Ammonia is used to move excess heat from inside the station to the radiators located outside the ISS. Discovery also delivered a new crew member and brought back another after almost two months aboard the space station.
Tranquility Node 3 & Cupola Tranquility Node 3 The Tranquility module is used for exercise, storage, and robotics work in connection with the Cupola. The module was launched on the Space Shuttle Endeavour, STS-130, on February 8, 2010, and berthed to the Unity Node 1 module. The launch weight of the node with the Cupola was 34, 000 lbs. The aluminum node is 14. 7 ft in diameter and 22. 0 ft long. The module contains the most advanced life support systems ever flown in space. Cupola The Cupola observation module provides a shirtsleeve environment for up to two astronauts working inside. The Cupola was launched attached to Tranquility and re-berthed to Tranquility to face the Earth. The module is 4. 9 ft in height with a maximum diameter of 9. 7 ft and had a launch weight of 3, 979 lbs. The Cupola has six trapezoidal side windows and a circular top window, 31. 5 inches in diameter - the largest ever flown in space. The windows use advanced technologies to protect the sensitive fused silica glass panes. Each window has three subsections: an inner scratch pane to protect the pressure panes from damage inside the Cupola; two 1. 0 inch thick pressure panes to maintain cabin pressure (the outer pane is a back-up for the inner pane); and a debris pane on the outside to protect the pressure panes from space debris when the shutters are open. The windows are protected by seven external shutters which can be opened by the crew from inside. The shutters are closed to protect the glass from micrometeoroids and orbital debris, and to prevent solar radiation from heating the Cupola or to avoid losing heat to space.
Zvezda and Tranquility Toilets - Page 1 of 2 Zvezda Service Module Toilet The sanitation and hygiene equipment located in the Zvezda module is in a compartment aft of the starboard cabin. The Zvezda toilet is the same well-tested design used on the Russian Mir Space Station. It is manufactured by RD & PE Zvezda. During the Mir/Space Shuttle missions, the Mir toilet was preferred by the Space Shuttle astronauts to the Orbiter’s own toilet. Using a toilet in space is a challenge of its own. Astronauts have to clamp themselves to the toilet in order not to float off. Since there is almost no gravity, vacuum suction is used to draw away waste. Liquids and solids are treated separately and stored in silver cylindrical containers; both are disposed of when a Progress cargo ship departs and burns up in the atmosphere. Urine was recycled on Mir but the Zvezda toilet on the ISS does not have this capability. Tranquility Waste and Hygiene Compartment (WHC) In November 2008, as part of the ISS crew expansion plan, a new Russian-built toilet was delivered on the STS-126 mission and installed in the Destiny Laboratory. The WHC toilet was moved into the Tranquility module during the February 2010 STS-130 mission. Solid waste is stored for disposal as usual, but liquid waste is sent to processing units in the NASA-designed Water Recovery System to be purified and recycled for various uses, including potable water for drinking.
Zvezda and Tranquility Toilets - Page 2 of 2 Tranquility WHC (Continued) The WHC separately channels liquid and solid waste. While the solid waste goes into a holding tank, the Urine Processor Assembly (UPA), which forms a major part of the Water Recovery System (WRS) racks, reclaims drinking water from astronauts’ urine. The WRS racks use a series of chemical processes and filters to treat the astronauts’ urine, perspiration, and hygiene water, recycling about 93% of the liquid it receives to provide water clean enough to drink. Water is recovered from urine in the UPA by spinning up a keg-sized distiller to create artificial gravity. Contaminants press against the side of the distiller while steam in the middle is pumped out. Water from the urine processor is combined with all other wastewaters and delivered to the Water Processor Assembly for treatment. The water processor removes free gas and solid materials, such as hair and lint, before the water goes through a series of multi-filtration beds for further purification. Any remaining organic contaminants and micro-organisms are removed by a high-temperature catalytic reactor assembly. This rigorous treatment creates water that meets stringent purity standards for human consumption. The purity is checked by sensors, with unacceptable water being reprocessed, and clean water being sent to a storage tank ready for use by the crew. The WRS reduces the amount of water that needs to be delivered to the station by about 65% or about 753 gallons over the course of a year.
MIR Human Waste Disposal Unit The toilet in the Zvezda and Tranquility modules is similar to the Mir Space Station Human Waste Disposal Unit. The Mir toilet system is shown to the left. It physically resembled those used on Earth. Fans sucked waste into the commode. Crew members used individual urine funnels which were attached to hoses, and the urine was deposited into a wastewater tank. Credit: Technik Museum Speyer, Germany The Mir Space Station is the longest-occupied space station (over 12 years of continuous occupation since its launch in 1986). The Mir toilet is shown to the right. Its overall dimensions were 1. 97 ft tall x 1. 64 ft wide x 1. 64 ft deep and it weighed Credit: Technik Museum 39. 7 lbs. Speyer, Germany
STS-133 Discovery Shuttle Mission The STS-133 Discovery shuttle, launched on February 24, 2011, delivered the Permanent Multipurpose Module (PMM) to the ISS. The 27, 160 lbs module measures 21 feet long and 15 feet wide. The PMM was attached to the Earth-facing side of the Unity node several days later. It was converted from the multi-purpose logistics module (MPLM) Leonardo. The PMM provides additional storage for the station crew and experiments may be conducted inside it, such as fluid physics, materials science, biology and biotechnology. Discovery also carried critical spare components and the Express Logistics Carrier 4 (ELC 4) to the ISS. Express, which stands for Expedite the Processing of Experiments to the Space Station, is an external platform that holds large equipment that can only be transported using the unique capability of the shuttle. The STS-133 mission featured two spacewalks that performed maintenance work and installed new components. The tasks included: installation of a power extension cable between the Unity and Tranquility nodes to provide a contingency power source; movement of a failed ammonia pump module that was replaced in August 2010 from an attachment bracket to a stowage platform adjacent to the Quest airlock; installation of a camera assembly on the Dextre robot and removal of insulation from Dextre's electronics platform; and “fill” a special bottle with space for a Japanese education payload (the bottle will be part of a museum exhibit for public viewing). Robonaut 2, or R 2, the first human-like robot in space, was transported to the station in the PMM becoming a permanent resident of the station. With upgrades, it could one day help spacewalkers make repairs or perform scientific work.
R 2 Robonaut The R 2’s current primary job is to demonstrate how dexterous robots behave in space. It is a state of the art highly dexterous anthropomorphic robot. Like its predecessor Robonaut 1 (R 1), R 2 is capable of handling a wide range of astronaut Extravehicular Activity (EVA) tools and interfaces, but R 2 is a significant advancement over its predecessor. R 2 is capable of speeds more than four times faster than R 1, is more compact, is more dexterous, and includes a deeper and wider range of sensing. Advanced technology spans the entire R 2 system and includes: optimized overlapping dual arm dexterous workspace, series elastic joint technology, extended finger and thumb travel, miniaturized 6 -axis load cells, redundant force sensing, ultra-high speed joint controllers, extreme neck travel, and high resolution camera and IR systems. The dexterity of R 2 allows it to use the same tools that astronauts currently use and removes the need for specialized tools just for robots. Initially, R 2 will be deployed on a fixed pedestal inside the Destiny laboratory but over time both its territory and its applications could expand. The next steps include: a leg for climbing through the corridors of the station; upgrades for R 2 to go outside into the vacuum of space; and then future lower bodies like legs and wheels to propel the R 2 across terrain such as the Moon and Mars. A four wheeled rover called Centaur 2 was evaluated at the 2010 Desert Field Test in Arizona as an example of these future lower bodies for R 2 is a collaboration between NASA and General Motors with the assistance from Oceaneering Space Systems engineers to accelerate development of the next generation of robots and . related technologies for use in the automotive and aerospace industries.
STS-134 Endeavour Shuttle Mission The STS-134 Endeavour 14 -day mission delivered the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer-02 (AMS) to the ISS. AMS-02, a particle physics detector, is designed to search for various types of unusual matter by measuring cosmic rays. Endeavour also transported the Expedite the Processing of Experiment to Space Station (Express) Logistics Carrier 3 (ELC-3). - ELC-3 is a platform that carried spare parts that will sustain the station operations once the shuttles are retired from service. -- Shuttle mission STS-134 was the final flight for Endeavour and the second to last flight for the Space Shuttle Program. The mission featured four spacewalks performing maintenance and the installation of new components. The spacewalks were the last scheduled spacewalks by shuttle crew members. - On flight day 5, two experiments were retrieved and a new package of experiments was installed on the ELC-2. - On flight day 7, the radiators were refilled with ammonia; the early ammonia system was vented; and the left-side solar joint and parts of the two-armed robot Dextre were lubricated. - On flight day 9, a grapple, or handle, was installed on the Zarya module to support robotic arm operations based from the Russian segment. - On flight day 11, the astronauts stowed the shuttle’s 50 -ft boom on the right-side truss on a permanent stowage fixture, retrieved the grapple from the station's left-side truss and used it as a replacement for the grapple currently on the boom. They then released restraints from one of the arms on Dextre and replaced thermal insulation on one of the spare gas tanks for the Quest airlock.
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer-02 (AMS-02) The AMS-02 was proposed in 1995 by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) particle physicist Samuel Ting, not long after the cancellation of the Superconducting Super Collider. The proposal was accepted and Mr. Ting became the principal investigator. - The $1. 5 billion (estimate) AMS-02 involved collaboration from more than 600 people in 56 institutions from 16 countries, as well as subcontractors and suppliers from all over the world. - AMS-02 was installed on the ISS on May 19, 2011. -- AMS-02 weighs 18, 739 lbs and consumes over 2, 500 watts of power. -- The mission duration is through the lifetime of the space station, until at least 2020. AMS-02 collects hundreds of millions of primary cosmic rays which, after being accelerated by strong magnetic fields, travel for hundreds of millions of light years before reaching the experiment. The core of AMS-02 spectrometer is a large Super-Conducting and Permanent Magnet measuring the sign of the charge of each particle traversing the instrument. The detectors are: - Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) - identifies electrons and positrons among other cosmicrays. - Time-of-Flight System (To. F) - warns the sub-detectors of the incoming of a cosmic-ray - Silicon Tracker (Tracker) - detects the particle charge sign, separating matter from antimatter. - Ring-Imaging Cherenkov Detector (RICH) - measures with high precision the velocity of cosmic-rays. - Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) - measures energy of incoming electrons, positrons and γ-rays. Electronics transform the signals detected by the various particle detectors into digital information to be analyzed by computers.
Robotics Refueling Mission Payload Added The STS-135, Space Shuttle Atlantis’ 12 -day mission, delivered the Raffaello multi-purpose logistics module filled with supplies and spare parts. This will help sustain the station operations following the mission when the space shuttles are retired. The crew returned an ammonia pump that recently failed on the station to Earth. Engineers want to understand why the pump failed and improve designs for future spacecraft. The mission also transported the Robotic Refueling Mission (RRM) payload. - Before a satellite is launched, technicians fill its fuel tank through a valve that is then triple-sealed and covered with a protective blanket, designed never to be accessed again. - The RRM is an external ISS experiment demonstrating that a remote-controlled robot can remove barriers and refuel a satellite in space. -- It is the first NASA on-orbit demonstration of the technology needed to perform robotic refueling on spacecraft not designed to be refueled. - RRM is designed to demonstrate that remote-controlled robots can perform refueling tasks in orbit via ground commands. - RRM uses DEXTRE (the space station’s twin-armed Canadian robotic “handyman”), four unique RRM tools, and an RRM enclosure comprised of refueling components and activity boards. -- DEXTRE uses RRM tools to cut and manipulate protective blankets and wires, unscrew caps and access valves, transfer fluid, and leave a new cap in place for future refueling activities.
ISS Assembly Sequence Launch Target / Landing Date Assembly Flight Launch Vehicle Element(s) July 8, 2011 July 21, 2011 ULF 7 Atlantis STS-135 • Multi-Purpose Logistics Module with Robotic Refueling Mission (RRM) Payload May 2012 3 R Russian Proton • Multipurpose Laboratory Module with European Robotic Arm (ERA) • ISS assembly sequence and launch manifest are subject to change. • Additional flights for crew transport, logistics and resupply are not listed.
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