International Society 1900 — 1990 Total War

International Society 1900 - 1990

Total War • Born out of WWI and WWII • Versailles and Appeasement – Give birth to Nazi Germany – Characteristics • • • Industrialized Weapons and Machinery Global in Scale Unconditional Surrender Mobilization of whole society Casualties beyond soldiers Economic and Social Impacts – Today • Use of modern technologies • Non-state actors • Globalization

End of Empire • Imperialism fell in the 1900’s – Self Determination took its place – European Nations lost its control of world affairs – Decolonization • Britain – 49 countries born out of their empire – Withdrew peacefully • France – Opposite of Britain, usually forced out • Legacies – National – Communism

The Cold War • WWII • US and USSR Superpowers – US: capitalism and democracy – USSR: communism and authoritarian dictatorship • 1945 – 53: Onset of the Cold War – Period when Cold War began and world began to divide into Eastern (USSR) and Western (USSR) camps – Yalta and Potsdam Failed • Europe divided into – East = Pro-USSR – West = Pro-US – Truman Doctrine • US would support those nations combating the threat of communism – Containment • Preventing the spread of communism

Continue • Berlin 1948 • Located in Soviet territory – Stalin cut of roads and communication – Hoped to occupy all of Berlin • Berlin Airlift • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • April 1949 • Collective self-defense – United Western Europe and US • Warsaw Pact • 1955 – Counter to NATO » United Eastern Europe under Moscow Rule

Continue • Chinese Civil War – Communist victory under Mao Zedong • Ousted US Sported Nationalist – Adopted Moscow Style Dictatorship • North Korea – Communism Spreading to peninsula • War of Containment = Korean War – US Supported South Korea and capitalism – USSR Supported North Korea and communism • Israel – Created by Force • International Community wanted to counter the Holocaust – US Supported Israel – USSR Supported Arab Nationalism

Continue • 1953 -69: Conflict, Confrontation, and Compromise – Intense time of east/west confect where to possibility of nuclear was heightened – US viewed all communism controlled by Moscow, Europe did not • Europe depended on US for security • By 1960 7, 000 US nuclear weapons in Western Europe – Nikita Khrushchev • Communist Reformist Force in Eastern Europe – Bloodshed in resisting eastern countries – Constant Confrontation with Western Ideas » Brought fear to the west

Continue • CIA vs. KGB • Birth of large intelligence gathering agencies • Both use to promote Ideology in developing or unstable countries • Berlin Airlift 1961 • Same situation in 1948 • Kennedy’s “I’m am a Berliner” Speech • Cuban Missile Crisis • USSR developing Nuclear Missiles in Cuba • Kennedy Responded with Navel blockade of Cuba to prevent USSR ships from delivering payload • Moment in history when world was closest to Nuclear war

Continue • Cuban Missile Crisis • • US possessed superior nuclear arsenal Khrushchev backed down six days into blockade US agreed not to invade communist Cuba Kennedy agreed to remove NATO Nuclear weapons from Europe • Partial Test Ban treaty • Banned the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere • Non-Proliferation Treaty • Committed to halting the arms race – USSR developed nuclear weapons in the 40’s » Julius and Ethel Rosenberg – Britain, France, China developed nuclear Weapons in 50’s-60’s – Israel, India, Pakistan and South Africa by the 90’s

Continue • 1969 -79: rise and fall of détente • Détente – relaxation of tension between east and west and characterized by arms control – Both side saw the need for disarming and the consequences of a war – Both influenced wars in “Third World” » USSR – Afghanistan » US – Vietnam – Ended with the Election of Ronald Reagan • Rapprochement – reestablishment of more friendly relations between China and US – Nixon and Ping Pong – Relations between USSR and China deteriorated

Continue • 1979 -86: The Second Cold War – Election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 • Fall of Iran and the Iranian Hostage crisis brought down Jimmy Carter’s presidency • Critics and Reagan that détente had allowed the USSR to gain on the arms race • Weapons in 1980 – 55, 246 – USSR – 30, 062 – US – 24, 327 – The Second Cold War • The Reagan administrations building of arms and reintensify the Cold War • Europe – real fear of nuclear war • Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) – AKA Star Wars

• Conflicts Continue • Grenada – 1983 • Libya – 1986 • Central America – Iran Contra Scandal • Mikhail Gorbachev – 1985 – His “New Thinking” changed USSR and allowed the transformation to western capitalism and democracy • Glasnost – Openness • Perestroika – Restructuring • Sinatra Doctrine – allowing eastern Europe to “do it their way”. – Countered Brezhnev Doctrine – control of the region • Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) • Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) • Fall the Berlin Wall