INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE 90 S Done by

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE 90 S Done by: Maratkyzy A. Checked by: Taichikova K. T.

Plan: Introduction 1. Collapse of the USSR - Formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States 2. The end of the Cold War - Moved from a bipolar to a multipolar state 3. Cessation of nuclear testing 4. Closure of the nuclear test site in Kazakhstan Conclusion

The main feature of the modern world is its transition to a qualitatively new , compared with the recent past , the state. Possible identification of the following basic features to make transitions. First, become a general construction of international life. The world has moved from a bipolar to a multipolar state. The end of the " Cold War " era of confrontation between the two end of the socio- political systems in international relations unfolds complex process of establishing new priorities and values , approved the new centers of international life ( integrating Europe , Japan, the Arab world is experiencing economic growth countries in Southeast Asia, Latin America), qualitatively increases composition of active members of the international community , more complex substance of the relationship between them. Second, the causal relationships with these changes are changes that have occurred within the former Soviet Union. USSR as a superpower has ceased to exist. Within the geopolitical space recently unified country , but in a completely different political and ideological and cultural- historical framework of the newly independent states were formed , which tend to be equal and full members of the world community.

During the 1980 s, Cold War tensions increased as Ronald Reagan pursued a vigorous anti. Soviet policy Characterized the Soviet Union as “the evil empire” Dedicated massive amounts of money to military spending to include the Strategic Defense Initiative or “Star Wars” Successfully confronted communist challenges in Grenada and Nicaragua Reagan delivers his “Mr. Gorbachev, Tear Down This Wall!” speech in 1987

The Soviet Union While the US was spending at levels the USSR was finding difficult to match, the Soviets were having their own internal problems The Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 after ten years of a failed war many likened to the US experience in Vietnam The Soviet economy and those of its eastern and central European satellites were in serious trouble US-supplied Stinger missiles helped the mujahedeen defeat Soviet forces in Afghanistan

End of the Bipolar World The demise of the Soviet Union left the US as the world’s sole superpower Without the danger of a superpower confrontation, the US was now more free to use its military power Additionally, new opportunities for cooperative international efforts would become possible without the bipolar competition This new dynamic would be tested when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990

Disintegration of the USSR had several objective reasons : strengthening of ethno-national conflict in the 1980 s, severe economic crisis , weakening of central power in the USSR during restructuring. Decisive blow to the Soviet Union caused the specific factors of acute political struggle in 1990 1991 , irreconcilable rivalry "democrats" , headed by Boris Yeltsin , who came to power in the Russian Federation and the Union center , headed by Mikhail Gorbachev. Confrontation between the two centers of power in the territory of the central regions of the USSR led to a sharp weakening of the entire system of the Soviet Union. Yeltsin's victory did not lead to the disintegration of the Union unequivocally. Back in March 1991 , Yeltsin said about the referendum on the integrity of the Union : " Whatever ended referendum , the Union will not collapse. Should not scare people! It is not necessary to wreak havoc in this regard ! " As a result of the New Ogarevsk negotiations to develop a new union treaty between Gorbachev and the heads of republics to July 23, 1991 an agreement was reached to sign it on August 20. But the opportunity to save the Union was thus thwarted putsch performance during the August putsch. After the suppression of the attempted coup in Moscow, all the power went to the Russian authorities , union center was disorganized.

Baltic republics , opportunistically , September 6, seceded from the Union. August coup spurred all the Soviet republics to secede from the Union. December 5 , it was announced that Ukraine denounces the treaty of 1922 on the establishment of the USSR. To discuss the situation , Yeltsin invited the newly elected chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus S. Shushkevich and Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk in the Bialowieza Forest. The fate of the USSR was solved. A draft of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS ). Three policy " promptly " completed the destruction of the Soviet Union , announcing the termination of the agreement in 1922. December 24 th place of the USSR in the United Nations took Russia , which also crossed the right of permanent UN Security Council member. December 25 Soviet President Gorbachev formally handed over to the Russian president " nuclear briefcase " and secret archives. Gorbachev made a farewell speech to the nation on Central TV , stating that he was leaving the presidency " on principle " for disagreeing with the liquidation of the state union. December 26 at the last meeting of the Council of Republics of USSR Supreme Soviet adopted a declaration which ascertains that the demise of the Soviet Union as a state and a subject of international law.

CIS Commonwealth of Independent States - the union of most of the countries that emerged after the collapse of the USSR. Was formed on December 8, 1991.

At the turn of the 80 90 s in the USSR there was an upsurge of nationalist movements, the crisis of the political and economic system. Many former Soviet republics declared their self-determination and the establishment of independent national states. Attempts union center economic measures to influence these decisions were not successful.

The main objectives of the organization are: Cooperation in political, economic, environmental, humanitarian, cultural and other fields; Comprehensive development of the Member States in the framework of the Common Economic Space, interstate cooperation and integration; Ensuring human rights and freedoms; Cooperation in ensuring international peace and security, the achievement of general and complete disarmament; Mutual legal assistance; Peaceful settlement of disputes and conflicts between states of the organization.