International Parliamentary Conference Parliaments Indigenous Peoples and Minorities

“International Parliamentary Conference: Parliaments, Indigenous Peoples and Minorities” 31 October – 3 November, 2010, Chiapas Mexico Presentation by Chief Wilton Littlechild, International Chief, Treaty 6, 7 and 8, former member of Parliament in Canada Geneva, 1977

“And whereas the said Indians have been notified and informed by Her Majesty's said Commissioners that it is the desire of Her Majesty to open up for settlement, immigration and such other purposes as to Her Majesty may seem meet, a tract of country bounded and described as hereinafter mentioned, and to obtain the consent thereto of Her Indian subjects inhabiting the said tract, and to make a treaty and arrange with them, so that there may be peace and good will between them and Her Majesty, and that they may know and be assured of what allowance they are to count upon and receive from Her Majesty's bounty and benevolence. ” [Treaty No. 6, 1876, paragraph 3, emphasis added].

International standards affirm the Right to Participation for Indigenous Peoples: • CERD General Recommendation XXIII (1997): “ 4. The Committee calls in particular upon States parties to: …(d) Ensure that members of indigenous peoples have equal rights in respect of effective participation in public life and that no decisions directly relating to their rights and interests are taken without their informed consent; ” • Plan of Action, 2 nd International Decade the Worlds Indigenous Peoples: One of the 5 objectives of the UN General Assembly’s Plan of Action (adopted January 2005) is “promoting full and effective participation of indigenous peoples in decisions which directly or indirectly affect their lifestyles, traditional lands and territories, their cultural integrity as indigenous peoples with collective rights or any other aspect of their lives, considering the principle of free, prior and informed consent”.

ILO Convention No. 169 (1989) ILO 169 recognizes that Indigenous peoples have: “the right to decide their own priorities for the process of development as it affects their lives, beliefs, institutions and spiritual well-being and the lands they occupy or otherwise use”. (ILO 169 Article 7). Further, ILO Convention No. 169 requires States to fully consult with Indigenous peoples and to ensure their informed participation in decisions pertaining to development, national institutions and programs, cultural protections, and lands and resources. (ILO 169 Articles 2, 6, 16, 27 and 33)

The UN Study on Treaties, Agreements and Other Constructive Arrangements between States and Indigenous “populations” “Moreover, the mechanisms through which "autonomy regimes" for indigenous peoples are being formulated and implemented must be assessed, on a case-bycase basis, for proof of free and informed consent by all parties concerned, especially indigenous peoples. ” --- Final Report, , Dr. Miguel Alfonso Martinez, Special Rapporteur [E/CN. 4/Sub. 2/1999/20 para. 136, emphasis added] “Treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements constitute a means for the promotion of harmonious, just and more positive relations between States and indigenous peoples because of their consensual basis and because they provide mutual benefit to indigenous and non-indigenous peoples” ---Report of the 1 st United Nations Seminar on Treaties, Agreements and other Constructive Arrangements between States and Indigenous Peoples, Geneva December 15 th to 17 th, 2003, Chairman-Rapporteur Wilton Littlechild [E/CN. 4/2004/111, paragraph 3]

The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, September 13 th 2007 “Recognizing the urgent need to respect and promote the inherent rights of indigenous peoples which derive from their political, economic and social structures and from their cultures, spiritual traditions, histories and philosophies, especially their rights to their lands, territories and resources” -- Preamble Chief Poundmaker, Pitikwahanapiwiyin Chief Big Bear

“Concerned that indigenous peoples have suffered from historic injustices as a result of, inter alia, their colonization and dispossession of their lands, territories and resources, thus preventing them from exercising, in particular, their right to development in accordance with their own needs and interests” --- Preamble Louis Riel, Métis, was elected three time to the Canadian House of Commons but was never able to take his seat. A leader in the struggle for Indigenous Rights in Canada, he was hanged in Regina on 16 November, 1885 for “treason”

“Considering also that treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements, and the relationship they represent, are the basis for a strengthened partnership between indigenous peoples and States, --- Preamble, UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

The Declaration Recognizes the International Character and Responsibility of Treaties Preamble Recognizing also the urgent need to respect and promote the rights of indigenous peoples affirmed in treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements with States, “Considering that the rights affirmed in treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements between States and indigenous peoples are, in some situations, matters of international concern, interest, responsibility and character, Article 37 1. Indigenous peoples have the right to the recognition, observance and enforcement of treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements concluded with States or their successors and to have States honour and respect such treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements. 2. Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as diminishing or eliminating the rights of indigenous peoples contained in treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements.

The Declaration Affirms the Right of Participation Article 5: “Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinct political, legal, economic, social and cultural institutions, while retaining their right to participate fully, if they so choose, in the political, economic, social and cultural life of the State. ” Ermineskin Cree Nation pow-wow, 2009 Chief Wilton Littlechild, UNPFII Expert Member and Rapporteur, 2004

Article 18: “Indigenous peoples have the right to participate in decisionmaking in matters which would affect their rights, through representatives chosen by themselves in accordance with their own procedures, as well as to maintain and develop their own indigenous decisionmaking institutions. ” Pearl Calahasen, Métis, Member of the Alberta Legislative Assembly (Lesser Slave Lake) since 1989, has served as Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development, minister without portfolio responsible for children’s services, Associate Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and member of the Standing Committee on Resources and Environment. Awards include the Esquao Circle of Honour, Honorary membership in the Kapawe’no First Nation, Honorary Chief of Tallcree First Nation, induction into the Blackfoot Women’s Society, National Aboriginal Achievement Award for Public Service and Aboriginal Role Model Award

Article 27: “States shall establish and implement, in conjunction with indigenous peoples concerned, a fair, independent, impartial, open and transparent process, giving due recognition to indigenous peoples’ laws, traditions, customs and land tenure systems, to recognize and adjudicate the rights of indigenous peoples pertaining to their lands, territories and resources, including those which were traditionally owned or otherwise occupied or used. Indigenous peoples shall have the right to participate in this process”. Hone Harawira, Aotearoa (New Zealand), Member of Parliament (Maori Party) and Treaty Rights Activist on a Walkabout in Alice Springs Australia in 2007. Hone is from Waitangi Marae and coordinates the annual commemoration of the Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi)

The Declaration Provides Guidelines for establishing a Process for Redress and Conflict Resolution that: • Is fair, independent, impartial, open & transparent, established and implemented in conjunction with indigenous peoples concerned (Article 27) • Gives due recognition to indigenous peoples’ laws, traditions, customs, land tenure systems, rules and legal systems of the indigenous peoples concerned and international human rights (Articles 27 & 40) • Provides redress for Indigenous Peoples’ lands, territories, resources traditionally owned, occupied or used which were confiscated, taken, occupied, used or damaged without free, prior informed and consent; can include restitution of these lands and resources (Articles 27 & 28) • Provides just, fair and equitable compensation; If return of original lands is not possible, compensation shall take the form of lands, territories & resources equal in quality, size, legal status’; Monetary compensation or other redress can provided with the free agreement of the affected Peoples (Article 28) • Provides effective remedies for all infringements of individual & collective rights (Article 40) • Indigenous peoples shall have the right to participate in this process (Article 27)

International U. N. D. /I. L. O. /O. A. S. Treaty “Choice” Orders of Government Crown: HMQ Federal The Great Spirit Kikpactinkosowin (inherent) Statutes Provincial Members/Citizens of the Cree Nation Constitution/BNA Act Statutes Chief and Council Indian Act Sections Municipal Government 74, 81, 83, 88 Act Legislation Constitution External/Internal

External Federal Provincial Municipal Indian Act Councils (Levels of Government) Internal Constitution --- Pipe Treaty 6 --- Written Customary Law Traditional Law Oral Traditions Cree Laws Nature’s Laws By Laws [S. 74] (Incorporation by reference) Ermineskin Maskwacîs Cree Nation, Bear Hills Drum Group, International Indian Treaty Conference August 2005,

Presentation by Chief Victor Buffalo, Samson Cree Nation • Maskwacîs Cree always had a right to participate in decision making, based on: – Ceremonies, Norms of Tribal customs, traditional laws – All members had a role • Treaty-signing 1876 • Our Nation’s survival depends on being equal participants w/State and maintaining cultural practices and language • Canada’s Assimilation Policies, impacts: --- loss of language & beliefs; crime & violence; high unemployment; health problems • Court cases & litigation • Indian Act impacts on Samson Cree decisionmaking • External/Internal • Recommendations

Parliamentary Participation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Federal House of Commons (1960) Elected Member through Party System Cabinet Appointment (Minister) Committee system Block Vote 4. Opposition Minority Gov’t/Opposition Senate (appointment) Introducing bills, for example, s. 16. Committees (Aboriginal/HR) Hearings on UN Declaration and UPR Provincial Legislature 1. Elected Member through Party System 2. Cabinet appointment (Minister) 3. Committee system * Nunavut * Northwest Territories Example: Tax Exemption Example of successful good practice that honors Court decisions on the “legal duty to consult” and implements U. N. Declaration Article 19: Bill C-30 MP Motions (ILO/UND) Considerations that are important, for example: 1. Constituency level decision [own First Nations Territory/Ceremony] 2. Party participation [Indigenous party] 3. Independent candidacy

The Right to Participation Also Includes the Right to Freely Pursue: • Economic Development • Financial Institutions • International business • Social development • Education, Health & Welfare • Cultural Development • Language, religion & culture • WIN Games, sports, Olympics • Justice • Courts and Hearings on Indigenous Territories • Indigenous Law and Legal Systems

Other Examples of Direct Participation: • Indigenous Parliament of the Americas • Seminar on the Application of Legislation on Indigenous Peoples’ Rights • Treaty-based representation in Parliament • Courts at all levels and Indian/Tribal Wilton Littlechild Courts Member of Parliament 1988 – 1993, First Treaty • Administration/Bureaucracy: Policy. Indian to become a MOP in Making Canada; Vice President, Indigenous Parliament of • Participation in UN Treaty bodies the Americas Canadian House of Commons and other fora (as members!) photo, 1988

Thank You, Hai Special thanks to Andrea Carmen, International Indian Treaty Council, for her assistance in the preparation of this power point presentation