International Conflicts of the Cold War Division

International Conflicts of the Cold War

Division of Germany • West Germany is formed after UK, France and the US agree to join their occupation zones together • East Germany (German Democratic Republic) was formed by Stalin (U. S. S. R. )

Blockade of Berlin

Blockade of Berlin • Western powers introduce a new currency into W. Germany. Soviets refused to accept it in Berlin • Soviets blockaded the corridors, so no supplies could get into W. Berlin • Allies countered with a massive airlift that supplied Berlin for 18 months • Results: • Two separate gov’ts for Berlin • western Allies created NATO

Berlin Wall, 1961

Berlin Wall, 1961

Berlin Wall, 1961 • this barrier was built by the Soviets, intended to stop the massive migration of East Berliners to the West (for jobs, defections, etc)

“Checkpoint Charlie”

East border guard Conrad Schumann defects to the west

Berlin Wall, 1989

Berlin Wall, 1989

The Korean War (1950 -53)

The Korean War (1950 -53) • Korea was divided after Japan’s defeat in WWII Kim II-Sung leader in the North • North became communist • South became democratic • In 1950, the North invaded the South Syngman Rhee leader in South

The Korean War (1950 -53) • The UN sent in a force of troops representing 32 countries, including Canada • Over 26 500 Canadians served, 1 000 wounded and 400 were killed • armistice was signed in 1953

The Korean War (1950 -53) What it meant for Canada: • Loss of troops • Showed our support of the UN and our willingness to fight to support those goals

The Suez Crisis, 1956

The Suez Crisis, 1956 • Egyptian president Gamel Abdel Nasser seized this trade route from Britain and France • Israel saw this as a direct threat from Egypt • Britain and France joined with Israel to attack Egypt • Soviet Union sided with Nasser of Egypt

The Suez Crisis, 1956 What it meant for Canada: • Canada’s Minister of External Affairs, Lester B. Pearson, went to the UN and suggested the creation of an emergency peacekeeping body • The United Nations Emergency Force went to the Suez to keep the combatants apart while a settlement to the crisis was worked out

The Suez Crisis, 1956 • Pearson won a Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in 1957

Bomarc Missile Crisis and the AVRO Arrow, 1957

Bomarc vs AVRO • Canada signs NORAD Treaty with the USA – sets up 3 lines of radar defense in our north • DEW Line, Mid-Canada Line, Pinetree Line • Diefenbaker scraps the AVRO Arrow project in favour of a line of surface to air guided missiles • When Canadians found out the Bomarcs were to be armed with nuclear weapons, protests rose, and the missiles weren’t delivered.

Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962

Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 • The American “Bay of Pigs” invasion fails, Castro of Cuba turns to Khrushchev of the USSR for protection • US spotted Soviet missiles in Cuba • US set up a naval blockade around Cuba, • Soviets continued on their path • The world seemed sure this would lead to nuclear war

Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 • Khrushchev agrees to dismantle missile bases in exchange for a US promise not to invade Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 • What it meant for Canada: • US expected Canada to support its stance against USSR and Cuba • PM Diefenbaker did not agree to USA’s request of nuclear missiles on our soil • Dief would lose the next election – PM Pearson brought the nuclear warheads into Canada

Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 • John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963

The Vietnam War, 1965 -1975 • The country was divided between Communist North and the anti-communist South North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem

The Vietnam War, 1954 -1975 • The US supported the South, USSR supported the North • President Johnson used the Gulf of Tonkin incident as reason to send 500 000 troops into Vietnam

The Vietnam War, 1954 -1975 • This was the first televised war, and protest in America grew as they witnessed the atrocities in Vietnam

ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT… MAKE LOVE, NOT WAR!

Sit-ins, marches, rallies! @*!#^$

Kent State Shooting, 1970

DOWN WITH THE “ESTABLISHMENT”!

Teen culture didn’t trust anyone over the age of 30

Hippies and counter-culture

THE SEXUAL REVOLUTION!

“The Pill” is introduced in 1960

homosexuality is legalized in England (1967)

WOMEN’S RIGHTS!

demand for equal pay

Gloria Steinem

CIVIL RIGHTS

Started as a non-violent movement with leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr.

And led by more radical leaders like Malcolm X

It evolved into the “Black Power” movement with radical groups like the “Black Panthers”

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTEST

“Silent Spring”

There was a growing awareness of environmental pollution…

And the use of pesticides in agriculture

MUSIC OF PROTEST!

The Beatles

The Rolling Stones

Jefferson Airplane

Jimi Hendrix Experience

The Doors

Bob Dylan

The Vietnam War, 1965 -1975

The Vietnam War, 1954 -1975 • Nixon as President, promised to remove troops out of Vietnam • The US completely withdrew by 1975 • Vietnam was taken over by the communists of the North

What it meant for Canada: • Some Americans did anything they could to avoid the “draft”… so they fled to Canada. (“Draft Dodgers”) • Many refugees fled Vietnam and arrived as immigrants to Canada • Some Canadians profited from sales of goods for the war

The Persian Gulf War 1990 -1991 Saddam Hussein

UN response to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait

UN Operation “Desert Storm”

“Smart” weapons Patriot SCUD

Tomahawk Missiles

Scorched Earth

Genocide in Rwanda 1994

Tutsi vs Hutu

Belgians in the Congo

Juvénal Habyarimana

Hutu Power movement

Romeo Dallaire and UNAMIR

Disgrace in Somalia 1992 “Canada’s National Shame”

Canadian Airborne Regiment

UN Operation “Restore Hope”

Death of Shidane Arone

Civil War in Yugoslavia

Srebrenica Genocide

NATO in Yugoslavia

9/11

War in Afghanistan

Osama bin Laden

Iraq War

Saddam Hussein

WMDs?