Interesting facts from the history of Great Britain.
There were many outstanding events in the history of Great Britain.
Opposition by nobles to royal authority forced King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215, a guarantee of rights and the rule of law. In the ensuing decades , the foundations of the parliamentary system were laid.
English dynastic claims to large parts of France led to the Hundred Years War, 1338 -1453, and the defeat of England. A long civil war, the War of the Roses, lasted 1455 - 1485, and ended with the establishment of the powerful Tudor monarchy. A distinct English civilization flourished.
Under Queen Elizabeth I, England became a major naval power , leading to the founding of colonies in the new world and the expansion of trade with Europe and the Orient. Scotland was united with England when James VI of Scotland was crowned James I of England in 1603.
A struggle between Parliament and the Stuart kings led to a bloody civil war , 1642 -1649, and the establishment of a republic under the Puritan Oliver Cromwell. The monarchy was restored in 1660, but the Glorious Revolution of 1688 confirmed the sovereignty of Parliament: a Bill of Rights was granted in 1689.
In the 18 th century, parliamentary rule was strengthened. Technological and commercial innovation led to the Industrial Revolution. The thirteen North American colonies were lost, but replaced by growing empires in Canada and India.
Great Britain went to war with France in 1793. Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson won a great victory over the French fleet at Trafalgar, off the southern coast of Spain in 1805.
Then came the Era of Reforms. In 1831 there was introduced a Reform Bill which gave the vote to the middle classes and representation to factory towns. The British Empire reached its greatest power during the reign of Queen Victoria which brought prosperity and an expanding empire in Asia and Africa.
Great Britain lost more than 900, 000 men in World War I, and about 2, 100, 000 were wounded. From September, 1940, to May, 1941 fascist Germany attacked and damaged British cities in the Battle of Britain. In World War II Great Britain lost about 360, 000 men and some 145, 000 civilians died on the home front.
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