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Inter-Organisational Electronic Information Sharing in Local G 2 G Settings A Socio-Technical Issue Ali Inter-Organisational Electronic Information Sharing in Local G 2 G Settings A Socio-Technical Issue Ali Ziaee Bigdeli Muhammad Kamal Sergio de Cesare Brunel University – London July 2011 Centre for Information Systems Research

Outline • Introduction • Theoretical background on Electronic Information Sharing (EIS) • EIS Participation Outline • Introduction • Theoretical background on Electronic Information Sharing (EIS) • EIS Participation In Local Government Authorities – Conceptual Framework • Research methodology • Case Organisation: LGA_North and LGA_East • Discussion – Factors Revision • Conclusion 3/18/2018 Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting 2

Introduction • Information is a key business asset and fundamental to the delivery of Introduction • Information is a key business asset and fundamental to the delivery of public services, however; Repeated misuses and losses of sensitive information in both public and private sectors show the weakness of many organisations in managing When, with Whom, What, and How information should be shared (Richard Thomas, Former UK’s Information Commissioner). • In order to overcome the above problem, Local Government Authorities (LGAs) as the primary interface between the central government and the citizens have now recognised that it is essential to transform their administrative processes (Fountain, 2001) and the use of ICT to facilitate the information sharing in a networked environment. 3/18/2018 Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting 3

Introduction • Participation in Electronic information sharing (EIS) across government boundaries requires fundamental technical Introduction • Participation in Electronic information sharing (EIS) across government boundaries requires fundamental technical and organisational changes; From a technical point of view, information system developers are faced with a variety of challenges related to the existence of different platforms, diverse data structures and incompatible network infrastructures. • From an organisational perspective, enabling information sharing requires new work processes among the organisations, leading to a considerable change in organisational structure and culture. Hence the objectives of this research are summarised as: 1. Identify the factors affecting Electronic Information Sharing (EIS) in Government-to. Government (G 2 G) collaboration. 2. Present a conceptual framework in order to illustrate clearly the social and technical nature of the phenomenon. 3. Justify the identified factors through conducting two case organisations in governmental local level in United Kingdom. 3/18/2018 Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting 4

Theoretical Background on Electronic Information Sharing (EIS) • Some incentives for encompassing research on Theoretical Background on Electronic Information Sharing (EIS) • Some incentives for encompassing research on information integration and sharing is that previous research: Ø Have been conducted when information technologies were not as advanced and developed as they are today Ø Does not differentiate between electronic and non-electronic information sharing. This issue is fairly important as the expected benefits and risks differ in electronic and nonelectronic information sharing. Ø Are focused on recognising the experiences and viewpoints of those government agencies which were pioneers in using technology and complex systems, rather than those agencies which might not be familiar with these initiatives. Ø Are mainly focused on information sharing in central/state level 3/18/2018 Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting 5

Theoretical Background on Electronic Information Sharing (EIS) • Since single and dependent organisations within Theoretical Background on Electronic Information Sharing (EIS) • Since single and dependent organisations within a government cannot deal and solve complex problems related to service delivery alone, managing public services increasingly relies on multiple networks of interdependent organisations. • Gil-Garcia et al (2009) clarified that inter-organisational information integration and sharing is a combination of both social and technical elements hence it is a very complicated field to study. For better understanding, they suggested: Trusted Social Network 3/18/2018 Shared Knowledge Integrated Data Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting Interoperable Technical Infrastructure 6

EIS Participation In Local Government Authorities – Conceptual Framework • One of the few EIS Participation In Local Government Authorities – Conceptual Framework • One of the few examples is the survey conducted by the Centre of Technology in Government (CTG) at the State University of New York. The researchers viewed information sharing and integration as a combination of four different but interrelated contexts. Policy and Social Environment Inter-Organisation Settings Organisation / Business Process Technology Solution Electronic Information Integration and Sharing Figure 1. Contexts of Information Integration and Sharing (Pardo & Tayi, 2007) 3/18/2018 Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting 7

EIS Participation In Local Government Authorities – Conceptual Framework Environmental Layer Politics Management Capability EIS Participation In Local Government Authorities – Conceptual Framework Environmental Layer Politics Management Capability Work Processes Economics Organisational Layer Goals/Objectives Business Process Layer Technology Layer IT Capability Data Quality Data Security Data Standards Trust Network Collaboration Critical Mass Participation in Electronic Information Sharing Figure 2. Factors Influencing Inter-Organisational Electronic Information Sharing and Integration 3/18/2018 Financial Matter Perceived Risk Perceived Benefits Legal & Legislation Decision Processes Perceived Barriers Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting 8

Research Methodology Figure 3. Empirical Research Framework 3/18/2018 Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting Research Methodology Figure 3. Empirical Research Framework 3/18/2018 Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting 9

Case Organisations: LGA_North and LGA_East • Since the aim of this paper is to Case Organisations: LGA_North and LGA_East • Since the aim of this paper is to validate the conceptual framework and the research presented herein is at an early stage, we only focused on testing the influential factors through applying the framework on two Local Government Authorities in the region of England. • As we wanted to illustrate the fact that participation in EIS is a major challenge among all of the LGA’s department, in this stage, we did not focus on a specific department and tried to investigate the decision-making process for electronic information sharing. From LGA_North, • Head of Information Technology (HIT) • Project Manager (PM) • Information Services Manager (ISM) 3/18/2018 From LGA_East, • Head of ICT(HICT) • Senior Information Systems Developer (SISD) • Information Service Delivery Manager (ISDM) Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting 10

Discussion – Factors Revision Less important ( ) EF CF TF BPF Most important Discussion – Factors Revision Less important ( ) EF CF TF BPF Most important ( ) OF Medium important ( ) Factors Politics Economics Legal & Legislation Critical Mass Managerial Capability Goals/Objectives Networked Collaboration Trust Financial Matters Work Process Decision Process IT Capability Data Quality Data Standard Data Security Perceived Benefits Perceived Barriers Perceived Risks LGA_East LGA_North HIT PM ISM HICT SISD ISDM Table 1: Importance of Factors Influencing EIS at LGA_North and LGA_East 3/18/2018 Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting 11

Discussion – Factors Revision Environmental Factors Organisational Factors Business Processes Factors Technological Factors Elections/New Discussion – Factors Revision Environmental Factors Organisational Factors Business Processes Factors Technological Factors Elections/New Admins Institutional Str. Authorisations Interoperability Fram. Media Community Size BP Flexibility IOIS: SAP-ERP Citizens' Demand Org. Size BP Complexity Info. Disposal Method Budget Deficit Resources Process Controller No. 10 Pressure Cultural Changes Info. Sharing Protocol ROI Previous Lessons Competition 3/18/2018 Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting 12

Conclusion People 3/18/2018 Information Processes Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting Application 13 Conclusion People 3/18/2018 Information Processes Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting Application 13

References (1/2) 1. Akbulut, A. Y. , Kelle, P. , Pawlowski, S. D. and References (1/2) 1. Akbulut, A. Y. , Kelle, P. , Pawlowski, S. D. and Schneider, H. (2009). To share or not to share? examining the factors influencing local agency electronic information sharing. International Journal of Business Information Systems, 4(2), 143 -172. 2. Beaumaster, S. (2002). Local government IT implementation issues: A challenge for public administration. System Sciences, 2002. HICSS. Proceedings of the 35 th Annual Hawaii International Conference on, 1725 -1734. 3. Dawes, S. S. (1996). Interagency information sharing: Expected benefits, manageable risks. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 15(3), 377 -394. 4. Fountain, J. (2001). Public Sector: Early Stage of a Deep Transformation. The Economic Payoff from the Internet Revolution , edited by the Brookings Task Force on the Internet, Washington DC: Brookings Institution , 235 -268. 5. Gil-Garcia, J. R. , Pardo, T. A. and Burke, G. B. (2007). Government leadership in multi-sector IT-enabled networks: Lessons from the response to the west nile virus outbreak. Workshop 4: Leading in a Multi-Sector Environment 6. Jankowicz, A. D. (2000). Business Research Project. Business Press, London. 7. Heeks, R. B. (2006). Implementing and managing e. Government. London, UK: Sage. 3/18/2018 Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting 14

References (2/2) 8. Miles, M. and Huberman, A. 1994. „Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded References (2/2) 8. Miles, M. and Huberman, A. 1994. „Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook‟, Sage, Newbury Park, California. 9. Senyucel, Z. (2005). Towards successful E-government facilitation in UK local authorities. Proceedings of the e -Government Workshop, 10. Pardo, T. A. , & Tayi, G. K. f. (2007). Interorganizational information integration: A key enabler for digital government. , 691 -715. 11. Remenyi, D. , and Williams, B. (1996), “The nature of research: qualitative or quantitative, narrative or pragmatic? ”, Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 6, pp. 131 -146. 12. Themistocleous, M. , Irani, Z. , Kuljis, J. , & Love, P. (2004). Extending the information system lifecycle through enterprise application integration: A case study experience. System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the 37 th Annual Hawaii International Conference on, 8. 13. Yin, R. K. (1994), “Case Study Research Design and Methods”, Sage, London. 3/18/2018 Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting 15

Many thanks. . Comments? Questions? 3/18/2018 Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting 16 Many thanks. . Comments? Questions? 3/18/2018 Kingston University - IMKS Forum Meeting 16