Integrating biological and social science data: The experience of Understanding Society – the UK Household Longitudinal Study Michaela Benzeval ISER, University of Essex NCRM Autumn School, 2017 An initiative by the Economic and Social Research Council, with scientific leadership by the Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, and survey delivery by Nat. Cen Social Research and Kantar Public
Structure of session q Brief intro to Understanding Society <5 mins> q Introduction – why are biological data useful for social science? <20 mins> q Questions and discussion: possible research questions <10 mins> q Introduction to biological data in Understanding Society <15 mins> q Questions <5 mins> q Introduction to analysing biological data <10 mins> q Questions and discuss research ideas again <10 mins> q Future opportunities to get involved <10 mins> q Questions Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Understanding Society q Understanding Society: the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) is a multi-purpose household panel survey begun in 2009 q Wave 1 target: 40, 000 households, 100, 000 people, multiple samples q Building on the long running British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) established in 1991 q Funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council and a range of government departments q Publicly available dataset – over 10, 500 downloads by 4, 000 users (academic 93%, Government 4%, third sector 1. 5% and commercial 0. 5%) across 38 countries (10%) q Part of ‘family’ of international household panels in USA, Australia, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, China, South Africa, South Korean, Russia…… https: //cnef. ehe. osu. edu/ q Conducted additional wave of biological data collection Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Multiple samples Initial: q General Population Sample: 30, 000 UK households in 2009 (58% household response; 82% adult response = 41, 047 interviews) q Ethnic Minority Boost: 1, 000 adult individuals across five main ethnic groups (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Caribbean, African) (52% household response; 72% adult response = 6, 685 interviews) q British Household Panel Survey (1991 - ): approx 8, 000 households, 13, 454 adults continued in UKHLS (wave 2) q Innovation Panel: 1, 500 households, 2, 500 adults annual survey preceding main study for experimentation – refreshment samples waves 4, 7, 10, 11 q TOTAL: 39, 805 households: 101, 087 individuals: 63, 755 adults, 5, 788 youths New: q Immigrant and Ethnic Minority Boost sample in 2015/6 = 2, 900 households, 3213 adults Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Ten key features 1. A representative panel of all ages 2. Ongoing annual (continuous) data collection 3. Incorporates the BHPS (started 1991) 4. The whole household 5. Large sample 6. National, regional and local data 7. Immigrant and Ethnic Minority Boost Samples 8. Linked administrative data 9. Innovative and rigorous methods 10. Multi-topic, including biomarkers genetics, and epigenetics data Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Introduction to value of biological data in social science research Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
The value of integrating social and biological perspectives The biomedical literature has generally treated socioeconomic position as a unitary construct. Likewise, the social science literature has tended to treat health as a unitary construct. To advance our understanding of the relationship between socioeconomic position and health, and ultimately to foster appropriate policies and practices to improve population health, a more nuanced approach is required—one that differentiates theoretically and empirically among dimensions of both socioeconomic position and health. Herd et al 2007, p. 223 Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Biomarkers a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. National Institute of Health Biomarkers Definitions Working Group (1998) Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Why are biomarkers and genetics useful for social science research? q To understand society and health need good measures of both on same population (over time) q Earlier and more precise ‘objective’ measures of health and illness q Understanding the pathways by which social factors are associated with health q Understanding the biological underpinnings of social phenotypes q Gene-environment interactions q Understanding how the environment gets under the skin q Intervention points and risk factors for policy intervention www. understandingsociety. ac. uk
Why are biomarkers and genetics useful for social science research? q To understand society and health need good measures of both on same population (over time) q Earlier and more precise ‘objective’ measures of health and illness q Understanding the pathways by which social factors are associated with health q Understanding the biological underpinnings of social phenotypes q Gene-environment interactions q Understanding how the environment gets under the skin q Intervention points and risk factors for policy intervention www. understandingsociety. ac. uk
Examples Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Examples: how biomarkers, and inequalities in them, differ over the lifespan Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
The lifecourse and biomarkers Growth Early life Maintenance Mid-life Decline Old-age AGE Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Grip strength Caroline Carney, Understanding Society Scientific Conference, 2015 Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Biomarkers help us understand the pathways by which the environment gets under the skin Source: Davillas et al, 2017 Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Examples: combining biomarker and self report data to understand illness behaviour Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Why/how might biomarkers and self report health differ? q Perceptions of health q Awareness of illness, help seeking behaviour q Self report bias q May all lead to ‘clinical iceberg’ and poor management of illness Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Measuring diabetes Females Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study Males https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Decomposing the “actual diabetes” prevalence 13% 14% 26% 20% 18% 15% 49% 44% Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Associations with SEP (educational level attained) Poorly managed diabetes www. understandingsociety. ac. uk Undiagnosed diabetes
Examples: combining biomarker and self report data to understand self assessments of health Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Why/how might biomarkers and self report health differ? q Perceptions of health q Awareness of illness, help seeking behaviour q Self report bias q May all vary systematically by social groups in ways that inappropriately influence policy Project led by Chaparro, Hughes, Kumari, Benzeval Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
SRH: In general how do you rate your health? …excellent…fair…. poor q Widely used in social surveys, census, need indicators and resource allocation q Strong evidence it is closely associated with morbidity and mortality q Significant volume research on health and health inequalities relies on it q (Jylhä 2009) People answer this question by: v Considering what concept of health means to them v Considering their health compared to their life stage, peers, needs, etc v Deciding how to put these considerations into scale presented with q … a summary measure of all the dimensions of health that are relevant to the individual respondent (Jylhä et al, 1998) q Not surprising systematic differences by social groups Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Biomarker groups Biomarker group Measures Visible BMI, waist, % body fat Fitness heart rate, grip strength, and lung function Fatigue c-reactive protein, fibrinogen, hemoglobin, ferritin, and cytomegalovirus infection Disease (known) Blood pressure, lung function, cholesterol and triglycerides, and glycated hemoglobin AND reported associated condition/taking medication Disease (not known) As above but no reported illness Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Biomarker groups Biomarker group Measures Association with SRH will be stronger in Visible BMI, waist, % body fat Women than men Younger than older High than low income grps Fitness heart rate, grip strength, and lung function Men than women Younger and older than working age low than high income grps Fatigue c-reactive protein, fibrinogen, hemoglobin, ferritin, and cytomegalovirus infection Women than men Older than younger ages low than high income grps Disease (known) Blood pressure, lung Older than working age function, cholesterol and High than low income grps triglycerides, and glycated hemoglobin AND reported associated condition/taking medication Disease (not known) As above but no reported illness Association will be weaker than for known disease Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Biomarker groups Biomarker group Measures Association with SRH will be stronger in Findings Visible BMI, waist, % body fat Women than men Younger than older High than low income grps True for men only Fitness heart rate, grip strength, and lung function Men than women Younger and older than working age low than high income grps True Not true, strongest oldest group Not true Fatigue c-reactive protein, fibrinogen, hemoglobin, ferritin, and cytomegalovirus infection Women than men Older than younger ages low than high income grps Not true True Not true Disease (known) Blood pressure, lung Older than working age function, cholesterol and High than low income grps triglycerides, and glycated hemoglobin AND reported associated condition/taking medication Not true Partially Disease (not known) As above but no reported illness Association will be weaker than for Opposite was true known disease Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Examples Do biomarkers give us more confidence about social pathways? Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Work and health q People who are in work have better health than those unemployed q Assumed returning to work will improve health q But is all work good for health? q Existing literature looked this with self report data but personality may lead to negative affect ie report poor quality work and health q Biomarkers provide objective measure health to better understand this association q Investigated those out of work in one wave with health in subsequent wave if returned to work or stayed unemployed q Measures of health allostatic load – cumulative burden of stress on physiological systems Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Is returning to work good for health? Source: Chandola and Zhang (2017, IJE) Control for health differences at w 1 so unlikely to be selection effect, and age, sex, income , education differences
Examples: How/when does the environment get under the skin? Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Epigenetics Predicting biological age using methylation • Epigenetics – investigates degree to which genes are turned on or off • Your epigenetic clock is based on measuring natural DNA methylation levels to estimate the biological age of a tissue, cell type or organ. • Horvath's epigenetic clock was developed by Steve Horvath Professor of human genetics at UCLA • Based on 353 epigenetic markers on the human genome. Understanding Society data is missing 17 of the probes needed for this calculation • Horvath's clock has been applied to a number of diseases/traits • • • HIV, Parkinson's accelerated epigenetic aging Centenarians age slowly 8. 6 years younger Parts of the brain age differently Source: Amanda Hughes et al, in preparation Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Predicted Age in UKHLS Horvath Clock Source: Amanda Hughes et al, in preparation Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Predicted Age in UKHLS: Current and childhood SEP measures Highest Educational Qualification (N=1088) Degree (ref) Qualifications below degree No qualifications Parental social class at age 14 (N=1025) Professional/Managerial Skilled non-manual Skilled manual Semi-skilled/unskilled Neither parent in work/both deceased Adjusted for chronological age and age squared, gender, white blood cell count, batch Δage CI -0. 45 0. 07 Δage -0. 99 -0. 09 -0. 76 -0. 91 0. 71 0. 23 0. 83 1. 47 Adjusted for chronological age and age squared, gender, white blood cell count, batch, smoking and BMI CI -0. 57 -0. 21 -0. 16 -1. 58 -0. 33 -0. 80 0. 07 -1. 59 0. 15 -2. 79 -1. 12 --0. 02 -1. 07 -0. 65 0. 72 0. 12 0. 68 1. 43 -0. 15 -1. 58 -0. 43 -0. 67 -0. 07 -1. 43 0. 07 -2. 79 Source: Amanda Hughes et al, in preparation Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Questions? Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
What research questions might you like to ask of biological and social data? Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Introduction to biological data in Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
What is a biomarker? • Physical measure – height, BP, grip strength Measures taken from ‘tissues’ – blood, saliva, hair, etc • Clinical indicators of significant diseases eg Hb. A 1 c and diabetes, liver function and cirrhosis • Established risk factors for significant diseases eg cholesterol and heart disease • Markers for stress pathways between social and health eg HPA axis, inflammatory markers • Novel markers eg telomere Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Nurse interview • Conducted by Nat. Cen • Nurse interview follow up to main interview at wave 2(GPS), wave 3 (BHPS) • Eligibility: took part in main wave interview, Great Britain, English speaking interview • All GPS households wave 2 year 1 • 0. 81 sampling fraction wave 2 GPS year 2 • All BHPS sample • Approximately 5 months after main interview • 1 hour interview – physical measures; blood samples, medications, conditions on day Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Blood sample – Combined GPS & BHPS Gender Whole sample Male Female Eligible for the nurse visit 35, 937 (100%) 15, 864 (100%) 20, 073 (100%) People participating in the nurse visit 20, 700 9, 100 11, 600 People eligible for giving blood 19, 121 8, 350 10, 771 People eligible to give blood who consented 14, 433 6, 330 8, 103 At least one biomarker available 13, 107 5, 850 7, 257 Response rates At least one biomarker available as % of total eligible 36. 5 % 36. 9 % 36. 2 % At least one biomarker available as % of people eligible for giving blood 68. 5 % 70. 0 % 67. 4 % At least one biomarker available as % of people who gave blood consent 90. 8 % 92. 4 % 89. 6 % Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Nurse assessments Measure Applications Height and weight Waist circumference Percent body-fat (bioelectrical impedance) BMI and assessment of excess body fat: obesity and risk factor for range of major chronic conditions and social outcomes Respiratory function (Spirometry) (FVC, FEV 1, PF, FEV 1/FVC) To detect both obstructive and restrictive respiratory diseases including COPD. Diastolic and systolic blood pressure, resting pulse rate Risk factor for stroke and heart conditions Risk cardio-vascular disease Grip strength Indicator muscle strength. Functional limitations and disability in older ages. Blood samples (non-fasting), 19. 8 ml) For the extraction of analytes and DNA Short questionnaire on health on Factors that may need to be considered in day of measurement, analysing physical measures and bloods medications etc Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Blood samples • Eligibility: all adults except pregnant women, those with clotting disorders or medication or self declared HIV, Hep B or C • Written consent for ‘unspecified future research use’ and separate consent for DNA extraction • Samples were unfasted , posted to laboratory for processing • On average it took 2. 6 days from the time of blood collection to the samples being processed; 90% of samples were processed within 4 days • Blood separated and frozen in small aliquots • Bloods analysed by Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundations Trust (NUTH) • All tests undertaken to relevant standards with range of internal and external quality assurances processes in place Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Criteria for choice of biomarkers q Environmental (socioeconomic, physical, psychosocial) and/or behavioural effect on marker q Evidence of pathways to important health outcomes q Affects reasonable proportion of general population q Has reasonable prevalence among those affected q Can be measured given the way our blood was collected and stored q Core markers for main diseases q Useful as individual measures and/or in combined risk scores q Some novel markers – around biological ageing and stress Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Blood analytes Measure Applications Cholesterol & triglycerides ‘Fat in the blood’ associated heart disease (CVD) Glucose intolerance - Hb. A 1 c Undiagnosed or poorly managed diabetes Inflammatory markers - creactive protein, fibrinogen Measures of inflammation – due injury or infection – acute or chronic – response to stress CMV seropositivity Immunoscenence - wear & tear immune system, chronic stress, associated diabetes Anaemia – haemoglobin, ferritin Marker for poor nutrition; increases with age, sig. health consequences Liver function - ALP, ALT, AST, Associated alcohol, drugs, obesity, consequence of GGT, albumin other diseases kidney function – creatinine Kidney diseases increase age, associated other diseases Hormones – testosterone, IGF 1, associated with stress processes, building muscles, DHEAS ageing Testosterone - marker aggression IGF 1 –associated diet, diabetes and cancer DHEAS -associated CVD, muscle strength, cognition Title | Date Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/ Research Methods Festival, Bath, July 2016
Understanding Society Genetic Data • 9, 944 Individuals biomarker data. • Population: England, Scotland Wales. who also have • Genotyped at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (Genome Research) • 56% 44% Illumina Human Core Exome Bead. Chip • >500, 000 SNPs • >8, 000 Imputed SNPs Eleftheria Zeggini Karoline Kuckenbäcker Bram Prins www. illumina. com Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Understanding Society Epigenetic Data • Selected from those who had genetic Data • Blood processed within 1 -2 days • British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) • At least 10 years of BHPS data (2/3 rds have 20 years) • Data Normalised and cleaned by Tyler Gorrie. Stone, Professor Leo Schalkwyk • 1175 samples • Infinium Methylation. EPIC Bead. Chip • 58% 42% >850, 000 methylation sites across the genome • 857, 071 sites after QC Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study Professor Jonathon Mill Dr Eilis Hannon Dr Joe Burrage https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Understanding Society Applying for the data 2 Avenues depending on what is required Avenue 1 European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA) https: //www. ebi. ac. uk/ega/home Genetic/Epigenetic data NOT linked to any of the main survey data Avenue 2 METADAC http: //www. metadac. uk/ Genetic/Epigenetic data linked to any of our main survey data (income, health, biomarker, socio-economic data) Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
METADAC Epigenetic, genetic and linked survey data Anyone within the UK wishing to access the genetic or epigenetic data linked with the end user licence (EUL) survey data must apply to the METADAC. • http: //www. metadac. uk/ • METADAC considers complex issues for biomedical data access for a number of longitudinal studies. Data access committee • Meetings held once a month • Technical review (independent and Understanding Society Team) • We provide a critical evaluation of the application and the variables being requested. • Data provided within 3 months of approval Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Introduction to analysing biological data in Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Using biomarker data q Usual statistical concerns re outliers, distribution etc q Clinically feasible ranges q Recent events – accidents, operations, smoking, food & alcohol, etc q Context of blood sampling – time of day, room temperature etc q Co-morbidities q Medications q Internationally agreed approaches to standardisation q Clinical cut-offs q Composite risk scores Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Title | Date
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) • Marker of inflammation An ‘acute phase protein’ • Associated with social position and ageing • Risk factor or marker for a wide variety of diseases; cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Social position and health: simplified pathway See glossary for further information on: Fibrinogen, Hb. A 1 c, lipids Social position ‘stress’ biomarkers of stress Poor health Adoption of poor health behaviour Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Using biomarker data q Usual statistical concerns re outliers, distribution etc q Clinically feasible ranges q Recent events – accidents, operations, smoking, food & alcohol, etc q Context of blood sampling – time of day, room temperature etc q Co-morbidities q Medications q Internationally agreed approaches to standardisation q Clinical cut-offs q Composite risk scores Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) • Systemic inflammation: 3 -10 mg/L • Current/recent infections: >10 mg/L (often excluded) • In general, CRP levels of over 3 mg/L are considered as levels that are high risk for Cardiovascular disease. Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Distribution of CRP by gender Notes: Excluded cases with CRP>10 mg/L Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Using biomarker data q Usual statistical concerns re outliers, distribution etc q Clinically feasible ranges q Recent events – accidents, operations, smoking, food & alcohol, etc q Context of blood sampling – time of day, room temperature etc q Co-morbidities q Medications q Internationally agreed approaches to standardisation q Clinical cut-offs q Composite risk scores Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Ferritin q Indicator of iron storage q Both high and low measures pathological low measures indicators of anaemia, prevalent in women associated with fatigue high measures (haemochromatosis) higher prevalence in men associated with heart disease/diabetes Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Ferritin Prevalence of “depletion” and “iron overload” by age and gender Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Using biomarker data q Usual statistical concerns re outliers, distribution etc q Clinically feasible ranges q Recent events – accidents, operations, smoking, food & alcohol, etc q Context of blood sampling – time of day, room temperature etc q Co-morbidities q Medications q Internationally agreed approaches to standardisation q Clinical cut-offs q Composite risk scores Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Testerone: q Anabolic hormone involved in growth and development v Developmentally important – male social behaviour (Alexander, 2014)? v Mid-life – experimental studies suggest changes in testosterone are associated with competitive/aggressive behaviour (Carre et al. , 2011) v Tendency to self employment (Nicolaou et al 2017) v Late-life – low testosterone associated with loss of muscle mass/development of frailty (O’Connell et al. , 2011) Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Testosterone Distribution of Testosterone levels by gender Most data below detection: focus on data from men only Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Testosterone Mean Testosterone levels by age: Males Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Using biomarker data q Usual statistical concerns re outliers, distribution etc q Clinically feasible ranges q Recent events – accidents, operations, smoking, food & alcohol, etc q Context of blood sampling – time of day, room temperature etc q Co-morbidities q Medications q Internationally agreed approaches to standardisation q Clinical cut-offs q Composite risk scores Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Kidney function • Chronic kidney disease important public health imperative. • Increased prevalence in an ageing population • Social distribution of kidney disease (Al-Quoud et al, 2011) Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Kidney function • Many approaches to measure kidney function • Measured with creatinine (UKHLS) or cystatin (Health and Retirement study, US), previously with assessed with Urea • New equations based on these measures, dependent on age, gender and levels (CDK-EPI): • white men with a creatinine level <0. 9 mg/d. L, 141 x (serum creatinine/0. 9)-0. 411 x(0. 993)age; • for serum creatinine level > 0. 9 mg/d. L, 141 x (serum creatinine/0. 9)-1. 209 x (0. 993)age. • white women with a serum creatinine level <0. 7 mg/d. L, 144 x (serum creatinine/0. 7) -0. 329 x (0. 993)age; • for serum creatinine level >0. 7 mg/d. L, 144 x (serum creatinine/0. 7)-1. 209 x (0. 993)age Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
e. GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) Stages of kidney disease by age and gender Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Blood data – Useful information (I) • The blood analyte data are released as part of the nurse health assessment dataset (xlabblood_ns) • The results of the physical measures and information that might be required to adjust biomarker data (medications etc. ) are in the indresp_ns files (xindresp_ns or w_indresp_ns ). • Individual BNF-coded medications are only available under special licence, while broad chapter codes are in the end user licence files Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Accounting for survey design and selection • Sample design involves stratification, clustering and weighting, these design features affect standard errors and should therefore be taken into account in analysis • Selection and attrition into nurse visit, giving blood, etc - weights have been prepared for the biomarker data to enable estimation samples to be representative of the general population Sample weights Description Where available Combined wave 2 and 3 blood data xlabblood_ns d_indbdub_lw Wave 2, 3 and 4 main survey with combined wave 2 and wave 3 blood data d_indresp d_indbd 91_lw 1991 (BHPS sample) to Understanding Society Wave 4 (BHPS sample) & blood d_indresp Cross-sectional analysis indbdub_xw Longitudinal analysis Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Questions? Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
What next for study? Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
ESRC funded research and capacity building grant • To contribute new scientific knowledge about the two-way relationship between people’s social, economic, environmental circumstances and health • To build understanding of the value of and capacity for using biomarkers and genetics in the social sciences • UK: Michaela Benzeval, Social Epidemiology; Meena Kumari, Neuroendocrinology; Paul Clarke, Statistics; Steve Pudney, Economics; Tarani Chandola, Medical Sociology; Andrew Jones, Health Economics; Rich Mitchell, Health Geography; Ele Zeggini, Genetics • International: Dan Benjamin, Economics; Teresa Seeman, Medicine & Epidemiology; Michelle Kelly-Irving, Public Health Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Activities q Spring 2016 – Michele Kelly-Irving life course masterclass q November 2016 – genetics in Understanding Society workshop q Spring 2017 release Understanding Society epigenetics data q March 2017 – Teresa Seaman Allostatic load masterclass q March 2017 - One day Conference – contribution of biomarkers to social science research q 11 -13 th July 2017 Understanding Society Scientific Conference q Autumn 2017 – advertise Biomarker Data Project Fellowships- deadline 30 th November! q February 2018 – genetics in Understanding Society workshop q April 2018 – biomarkers in social science workshop q Late spring 2018 – Dan Benjamin economics and genetics masterclass q Later in 2018 - One day Conference – contribution of biomarkers and genetics to social science research Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
More broadly… we need to understand change… q Original wave to collect biological data – face-to-face, modest biological measures, expensive, limited sample of study – concerns attrition, research nurse capacity in UK q In main study have moved to mixed mode data collection due to cost considerations q Need to collect more cutting edge measures of biological processes that may be socially influences q But need to maintain representativeness, not move to clinic setting Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Going forward? q Technology is changing – hair samples, blood spots, microbiome, smartphone data collection q Do we need nurses? q Can respondents collect data themselves? q Lower response to previous Understanding Society nurse led data collection than in medical studies - salience? - feedback? q Better representativeness than medical studies but would such measures meet ‘medical gold standards’ of validity? Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Move from face-to-face to web based data collection: ‘health IP’ Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study Title | Date https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Research questions q Does who collects measures matter? q Does feedback influence takeup (or subsequent behaviour? ) q For response? for the quality of the measure? q Is data from self administered measures valid? Comparable to measures collected in other ways? q How do the costs of different approaches compare? Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Innovation Panel 12 (2019) - health measurement q Funding for main IP and two experiments q Total Survey Error ie quality of a survey estimate is based on quality of representation of sample and measurement q December 2017 – call for proposals for additional experiments q Expressions of interest by end January, completed applications April 2018 q 2018 specification, ethics etc q 2019 data collection, share data with experimenters q 2019 deposit of questionnaire data q 2020 deposit of biological data q Early 2020 Conference on methodological findings Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Case Study: Housing developments: Measuring social sustainability Thank you Any questions? For further information about Understanding Society mbenzeval@essex. ac. uk Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study https: //www. understandingsociety. ac. uk/
Скачать презентацию Integrating biological and social science data The experience
4b54fcddec194f636833871196d20d58.ppt