INPE Space R D for Brazil in the 21

INPE: Space R&D for Brazil in the 21 st Century

"We went to explore the Moon, and in fact discovered the Earth. " Eugene Cernan photo: NASA

A visionary on space programs in developing countries. . Dr. Vikram Sarabhai (ISRO´s founder) "There are some who question the relevance of space activities in a developing nation. To us, there is no ambiguity of purpose. We do not have the fantasy of competing with the economically advanced nations in the exploration of the moon or the planets or manned space-flight. But we are convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally, and in the community of nations, we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society. "

National projects – Brazil 1950 -2010 1950 s 1970 s Itaipu, Angra, Embraer, Foreign dept, export substitution Industrialization, Petrobrás 1990 s 2010 s Privatization, superavit, Economic stability Amazônia, biofuels, Brazil in G-20

Traditional development economics Raul Prebisch (CEPAL): the terms of trade between industrialised and nonindustrialised countries change over time Countries that export commodities would be able to buy fewer and fewer manufactured goods

What would Prebisch say today? 1992 IBM Think. Pad 700, Windows 3. 1, 25 MHz 486 processor, 120 MB hard disk drive, 10. 4″ display, 3 kg 2009 Lenovo Think. Pad T 500, Windows Vista, Intel® Core™ 2 Duo processor (2. 26 GHz), 14. 1” display, 3 kg, 160 GB Hard Disk. 1992 – US$ 4, 350 2009 – US$ 750

What would Prebisch say today? Price for a ton of iron ore 1992 – US$ 29 2009 – US$ 140 source: www. indexmundi. com/commodities

What happened? Terms of trade changed China effect: Transfer of factories to China has reduced the price of manufactured goods and increased demand for commodities Graph: G. Câmara, INPE Idea: J. Furtado, USP

Brazil: a natural knowledge economy? Brazil´s innovation system is in large part built upon its natural and environmental resources, endowments and assets.

Brazil: a natural knowledge economy? We tend to regard a comparative advantage based on natural resources as indicative of an economy at a relatively immature stage in its development, one that must be outgrown if it is to reach and start expanding the frontiers of technological possibility. The Brazilian case, we suggest, challenges this linear view.

Brazil: a natural knowledge economy Deforestation cut by 300% (2005 -09) World leader in tropical agriculture Best technology in biofuels 46% of energy is renewable

Prebisch´s paradox source: CH Brito Cruz (FAPESP) Brazil´s natural knowledge economy offers more opportunities for internal R&D than our manufacturing industry

Energy Agriculture Ecosystems Space technology can add value to Brazil´s natural knowledge economy Megacities Climate change Weather and natural disasters

A Vision for INPE in the 21 st Century Brazil will be an environmental power and the first developed nation in the tropics INPE will be a world-class centre in Space and Environment R&D for the tropical region

CBERS GPM_BR INPE is unique: we are efficient users of the data produced by the satellites we build and receive Mapping deforestation Weather forecasts

INPE: CONVERTING DATA INTO KNOWLEDGE SATELLITES Earth observation, scientific, and data collection satellites GROUND SYSTEMS Satellite control, reception, processing and distribution of satellite data ANALYSIS AND MODELLING Space Weather, Weather Prediction and Earth System Science SOCIETAL BENEFITS Innovative products to meet Brazil´s needs

Space Geophysics(6) Remote Sensing (6) Meteorology (6) INPE combines research and applications B 1 -low Astrophysics(4) Space Engineering(5) Computing (4) Earth System Science (5)

Earth observation at INPE : understanding changes in Brazil

Monitoring Deforestation in Amazonia CBERS image Degradation Deforestation Science (27 April 2007): “Brazil´s monitoring system is the envy of the world”.

Sugarcane crop mapping Detailed estimates of sugarcane crop areas

Open access data policy: a qualified success CBERS@INPE: 1 million images (2004 -2009) LANDSAT @USGS: 1 million images (Jan-Aug-2009) GMES Sentinels @ESA-EC: Data will be open access (Sep 2009)

Space Weather Monitoring at INPE Ionospheric scintillation

Numerical Weather Prediction at INPE Media Info Global Weather Data PCD Supercomputer Numerical Weather Products Forecast Preparation

Santa Catarina disaster – November 2008

Rain forecast by INPE for Santa Catarina disaster 2008 (Current regional model 20 km - maximum 150 mm in 3 days)

Model with better resolution (5 km) and physics, to be run in new supercomputer (max of 400 mm in 3 days)

Climate Change Modelling Data GHG Emissions Public Policies Supercomputer B 1 -low Regional scenarios

Earth system science at INPE: linking nature and society Nature: Math equations describe physical processes Society: Decisions on how to use Earth´s resources

MMP (CENIC, MECTRON, Fibra. Forte, Atech) CBERS solar panels (ORBITAL) INPE is Brazil´s main driver of innovation in space technology Camara MUX-Free (OPTO) CBERS onboard computer (OMNISYS)

INPE’s space technology agenda “Global EO” – Brazil as global player in earth observation Bilateral agreements (China, Argentina, USA) Multilateral Agreements (CEOS, GEO)

Brazilian land imaging satellites 100 MUX CBERS-3/4 50 Revisit (days) Forest mapping CCD CBERS-2/3/4 MUX CBERS-5/6 10 BRSAR modo 2 Land Use Description Deforestation detection BRSAR modo 1 5 AWFI CBERS-5/6 AWFI CBERS-3/4 Amazonia-1 WFI CBERS-2 Mapping Agriculture 1 1 5 10 50 Resolution (metres) 100 500 1000

CEOS Virtual Constellations Common requirements, independent satellites, compatible data (CEOS – Committee on Earth Observation Systems) Atmospheric Composition Land Surface Imaging Ocean Surface Topography Precipitation Air quality, CO 2 (Brazil: Lattes) ecosystem monitoring (Brazil: CBERS, Amazonia) climate variability weather forecasts (Brazil: GPM-BR) Ocean Color Radiometry Ocean Surface Vector Wind marine ecosystems (Brazil: SABIA-MAR) weather forecasts

CBERS-4 CBERS-3 Amazônia-1 Lattes-1 CBERS-5 GPM Amaz-2 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Brazilian Satellites: 2011 -2020 CBERS-6 Lattes-2 SABIA BR-SAR SGB CBERS Multi-mission bus GEO

CBERS: example of South-South cooperation CBERS-2 B launch (19 September 2007)

CBERS program timeline 99 CBERS-1 CBERS-2 B CBERS-3 CBERS-4 CBERS-5 CBERS-6 2001 Set/99 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 Mar/03 Out/03 Mar/09 Set/07 Abr/10 Out/11 Set/14 Set/17 Set/20 2023

CBERS-2 B HRC (PAN - 2, 7 m) + CCD (multispectral, 20 m) Guarulhos Airport, Sao Paulo, March 2008

CBERS evolution CBERS 1, 2, 2 B Mass Power Transmission rate Vida útil (99%) CBERS 3, 4 1450 kg 1980 kg 1100 W 166 Mbps 2300 W 303 Mbps 2 anos 3 anos

CBERS-3 construction (2008 -2010) President Lula in Beijing inspecting CBERS-3 construction (20 -05 -2009)

CBERS as a global satellite Miyun Urumchi Aswan Maspalomas Chetumal Ghuangzhou Bangcoc Boa Vista Gabon(? ) Nairobi(? ) Darwin(? ) Cuiabá Alice Springs (? ) Jo´burg CBERS ground stations will cover most of the Earth’s land mass between 300 N and 300 S

Multimission platform Common support for Earth Observation mini-satellites Orbits from 600 to 1200 km Payload: 280 kg Plataform: 250 kg

Amazônia-1: MMP´s first mission (2011) AWFI Spectral bands( m) Resolution (m) Swath (km) Global revisit (days) Optical land imaging satellite Covers the Earth´s land mass every 5 days 0, 45 -0, 52 B 0, 52 -0, 59 G 0, 63 -0, 69 R 0, 77 -0, 89 NIR 40 780 5

LATTES (EQUARS and MIRAX) MIRAX: Hard and soft X-rays EQUARS Stratosphere temperature Ionospheric bubbles GPS occultation

Global Precipitation Mission (GPM-BR) Microwave Sensor Brazilian contribution to GPM constellation Lighting Detector Near-equatorial orbit

BRSAR: Land Imaging SAR L-band multi-polarization Amazonia all-weather monitoring 5 days with 30 m resolution 24 days with 10 m resolution

SABIA-MAR 16 bands : 350 -2130 nm Swath 2800 km Resolution: 1 km Cooperation Brazil-Argentina Ocean colour measurement

BRMET (Geostationary meteorological satellite) Brazil needs images and meteorological data with operational coverage every 15 minutes Data from satellites from US (GOES) and Europe (METEOSAT) are not enough to fullfil Brazil´s needs

BRMET (Geostationary meteorological satellite) Precipation measurements Sea surface temperature BRMET: Improvements in weather forecasts

LIT – Integration and Tests Laboratory Complete infrastructure for assembly and qualification of satellites 70 000 man-hours per year of industrial tests

CBERS-2 B integration (2006 -2007) Integration and Tests Laboratory

Testing MMP in INPE-LIT (2008)

Brazilian satellites and their applications y os s em st Ec CBERS AMAZONIA BRSAR SABIA-MAR LATTES GPM GEO-MET source: AEB c gri A r ltu u e rgy r he e En W t ea & Cli ate m D R&

Challenges in INPE´s space program On-board computer 20 month delay Telemetry transmitter 24 month delay EUA deny exports of electronic components to the Brazilian space program: 2 year delay in CBERS-3

World Research Centers: Impact and Visibility INPE: only Brazilian institute in top 100 Source: Cybermetrics Lab, Spain

Source: Euroconsult (2009) Earth observation and scientific programs dominate public R&D investment for non-manned space programs

INPE´s budget: 2002 -2010 (R$ million)

Sources: Euroconsult (2009) and G. Camara Govern´t R&D in Earth Observation (M US$) Challenge: Brasil needs to reach India and France (From today´s US$ 100 M to US$ 250 M)

A visionary of the Brazilian space program. . . Dr. Fernando Mendonça (INPE´s founder) “We want to build an intellectual elite at the highest level, capable of breaking Brazil's dependence on foreign technology. We need people with knowledge and ideas on how to develop Brazil, who are quick to grasp the future paths of science, and who are conscious of their role in major government decisions”. Veja, 12/03/1969