INFORMATICA UMANISTICA D LESSICOGRAFIA COMPUTER Dizionari elettronici

- - ODE IN XML: INFORMAZIONI NLP - ^merchandise Commerce - - stock st. Qk + st. Qks

ELDIT n n (Elektronisches Lern(er)wörterbuch Deutsch-Italienisch – Dizionario elettronico per apprendenti italianotedesco ) Un esempio di dizionario ¡ ¡ n Per apprendimento Nato in forma elettronica Lezione su ELDIT: il 14/5

Word. Net

SEMANTICA & LESSICO: UN RIASSUNTO “eat” “eats” EAT-LEX-1 eat 0600 eat 0700 “ate” “eaten” WORD-FORMS LEXEMES SENSES

L’ORGANIZZAZIONE DEL LESSICO stock 0100 STOCK-LEX-1 “stock” STOCK-LEX-2 stock 0200 stock 0600 stock 0700 STOCK-LEX-3 stock 0900 stock 1000 WORD-FORMS LEXEMES SENSES

SINONIMIA cheap 0100 “cheap” CHEAP-LEX-1 CHEAP-LEX-2 …. …… cheap. XXXX “inexpensive” INEXP-LEX-3 inexp 0900 inexp. YYYY WORD-FORMS LEXEMES SENSES

WORDNET n A lexical database created at Princeton ¡ ¡ n n Information about a variety of SEMANTICAL RELATIONS Three sub-databases (supported by psychological research as early as (Fillenbaum and Jones, 1965)) ¡ ¡ ¡ n Freely available for research from the Princeton site http: //www. cogsci. princeton. edu/~wn/ NOUNs VERBS ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS Each database organized around SYNSETS

SYNSETS Senses (or `lexicalized concepts’) are represented in Word. Net by the set of words that can be used in AT LEAST ONE CONTEXT to express that sense / lexicalized concept: the SYNSET n E. g. , {chump, fish, fool, gull, mark, patsy, fall guy, sucker, shlemiel, soft touch, mug} (gloss: person who is gullible and easy to take advantage of) n

IL DATABASE DEI NOMI n n About 90, 000 forms, 116, 000 senses Relations: hypernym breakfast -> meal hyponym meal -> lunch has-member faculty -> professor member-of copilot -> crew has-Part table -> leg part-of course -> meal antonym leader -> follower

IPERNIMIA 2 senses of robin Sense 1 robin, redbreast, robin redbreast, Old World robin, Erithacus rubecola - (small Old World songbird with a reddish breast) => thrush -- (songbirds characteristically having brownish upper plumage with a spotted breast) => oscine, oscine bird -- (passerine bird having specialized vocal apparatus) => passerine, passeriform bird - (perching birds mostly small and living near the ground with feet having 4 toes arranged to allow for gri pping the perch; most are songbirds; hatchlings are helpless) => bird -- (warm-blooded egglaying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings) => vertebrate, craniate - (animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain en closed in a skull or cranium) => chordate - (any animal of the phylum Chordata having a notochord or spinal column) => animal, animate being, beast, brute, creature, fauna - (a living organism characterized by voluntary movement) => organism, being - (a living that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently) => living thing, animate thing -- (a living (or once living) entity) => object, physical object - => entity, physical thing --

MERONIMIA wn beak –holon Holonyms of noun beak 1 of 3 senses of beak Sense 2 beak, bill, neb, nib PART OF: bird

VERBI n n About 10, 000 forms, 20, 000 senses Relations between verb meanings: Hypernym Troponym Entails Antonym fly-> travel Walk -> stroll Snore -> sleep Increase -> decrease

RELAZIONI TRA SIGNIFICATI VERBALI V 1 ENTAILS V 2 when Someone V 1 (logically) entails Someone V 2 - e. g. , snore entails sleep TROPONYMY when To do V 1 is To do V 2 in some manner - e. g. , limp is a troponym of walk

AGGETTIVI & AVVERBI n n n About 20, 000 adjective forms, 30, 000 senses 4, 000 adverbs, 5600 senses Relations: Antonym Heavy <-> light (adjective) Antonym (adverb) Quickly <-> slowly

COME USARLO n n Online: http: //cogsci. princeton. edu/cgi-bin/webwn Scaricatevelo, poi da command line: ¡ Get synonyms: n ¡ Get hypernyms: n ¡ wn –synsn bank wn –hypen robin (also for adjectives and verbs): get antonyms n wn –antsa right

I LIMITI DI WORDNET n Coverage ¡ words not in Word. Net n ¡ n slump, crash, bust all synonyms in the WSJ corpus The structure of Word. Net ¡ n Missing information: MERONYMY Context-dependent senses: ¡ n Crocidolite, spinoff (spin-off) Some information is encoded in complex ways (room, wall, floor) But: MOVING TARGET!!

MERONIMIA IN WORDNET: UN ESPERIMENTO n n n 100 bridging descriptions in a mereological relation Ran a script trying to find a direct link in Word. Net (1. 7) between one of the senses of the BD and one of the senses of any of the previous NPs Results: in only 6 cases there is in Word. Net a direct lexical relation between a BD and one of the CFs

John looked at the HOUSE. The WALL was crumbling. ARTIFACT IS-A HOUSING IS-A HOUSE BUILDING IS-A PART-OF HOME ROOM PART-OF WALL PART-OF FLOOR

SOLUZIONE: ACQUISIZIONE LESSICALE n n Parziale (aggiungi informazioni a Word. Net, specialmente per domini specialistici) Totale (crei un nuovo lessico a partire da zero)

LETTURE n n n Jackson, cap. 6. 7 Marello, cap. 5. 5 C. Fellbaum. Word. Net: An electronic lexical database. MIT Press, 1998 ¡ cap. 1