INDIAN POWER SECTOR OVERVIEW T Srinivas SRLDC BANGALORE
Power : The Building Block of Economy • Electricity- the most imp. Infrastructural input in the dev. & growth of economy. • Consumption of electricity- imp. Index of advancement of the country & standard of living. • Economic growth rate of 8 -9% on a sustained basis is necessary for us to catch up with the rest of the world.
POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS Generation Dhuvaran Primary Transmission(132/220/400/765 KV) Karamsad CB Power Plant X’mer Sending end SS (11/220 k. V) Commercial/ Industrial Customer CB Bus-bar 220 k. V Steel Tower Primary Grid Bus-bar (220/66 k. V) 66 k. V Transmission GCET Secondary Transmission(66/132 KV) Distribution Transformer Primary Distribution (11/0. 415 k. V) Urban Customers V V Nagar Secondary Grid Secondary Distribution (66/11 k. V) Distribution Pole Underground Cable To Other Residential Customer 66 Kv Substations
An Analogy – Power System vs Human Body RLDC: : Brain Generation : : Heart USER Sub-Transmission : : Sub. Arteries Distribution : : Capillaries Transmission : : Main Arterie
The Generation… The Pulse Cause Risk Human Body Blood Pressure Heart Beat 72 Beats/Minutes Stress/Anxiety Heart Beat Deviation Power System Voltage Frequency 50 Cycles/Seconds Load-Gen. Mismatch Frequency Deviation
GENERATION • • • Thermal Power Plant Hydro Power Plant Nuclear Power Plant Diesel Power Plant Gas Power Plant Combine Cycle plant • • • Solar Tidal Wind Geothermal Bio-mass Fuel cells
INSTALLED CAPACITY OF INDIA AS ON 01. 07. 2011 Installed Capacity : 1, 79, 151 MW
Source wise composition of installed capacity in India (1, 79, 151 in 2011) AS on 01 -07 -11
ALL INDIA GENERATION COMPOSITION Total Market Size = 805. 5 BU Total Installed Capacity 1, 79, 151 MW
Sector wise consumption of electricity in India Total Installed Capacity 1, 79, 151 MW
ALL INDIA MARKET COMPOSITION (1, 79, 151 in 2011) AS on 01 -07 -11
HYDRO RESOURCES ARE FAR AWAY FROM LOAD CENTERS. NECESSITATES LONG TRANSMISSION LINKS FOR EVACUATION DELHI Source: Powerline KOLKATTA MUMBAI (Siemens Ad), Oct-2006 COAL BELT BANGALORE CHENNAI AREAS SHOWN ARE APPROXIMATE AND INDICATIVE
EHV Infrastructure TRANSMISSI ON VOLTAGE OWNERSHIP CENTRAL STATE TOTAL JV/Pvt. Circuit Kilometer + 500 k. V HVDC 5, 948 1, 504 1, 472 8, 924 765 k. V 4, 014 409 0 4, 423 400 k. V 69, 836 30, 252 4, 710 1, 04, 798 220 k. V 10, 374 1, 22, 990 423 1, 33, 787 Total 90, 172 1, 55, 155 6, 605 2, 51, 932
Renewable Energy : Wind Power India: 5 th Largest Wind Power Producer Total Renewable Energy Sources ~ 19 GW Wind Installed Capacity ~ 11 GW Estimated Wind Potential ~ 45 GW
Renewable Energy : Wind Power Wind Speed: 6. 0 m/s Wind Speed: 6. 4 m/s Wind Speed: 7. 0 m/s Wind Speed: 7. 5 m/s Wind Speed: 8. 0 m/s
Map showing the solar radiation across India
• Solar Power Potential r Potential If tropical India were to convert just 1% of the 5, 000 trillion kilowatt-hour of solar radiation (or, simply, ar. Solar Power Potential sunlight) it receives a year into energy, the country Power Potential will have enough to meet its energy needs. • In most parts of India, clear sunny weather is experienced 250 to 300 days a year. The annual global radiation varies from 1600 to 2200 k. Wh/sq. m. The equivalent energy potential is about 6, 000 million GWh of energy per year. • The highest annual global radiation is received in Rajasthan and northern Gujarat.
Electricity Demand Projections Year Total Electricity Required ( Billion k. Whr) 7% 2011 -12 2016 -17 2021 -22 2026 -27 2031 -32 Source: Energy Policy Report, Planning Commission, India Installed Capacity (MW) GDP Growth Rate 8% 7% 8% 1031 1097 206757 219992 1377 1524 276143 305623 1838 2118 368592 424744 2397 2866 480694 574748 3127 3880 627088 778095
Growth of India’s Power Sector serious growth after the 60 s
Growth of the Indian Power Sector : INSTALLED CAPACITY • INSTALLED CAPACITY went up from 1. 36 GW in 1947 to more than 179 GW as of 01. 07. 11; • Or a targeted 9. 5% growth in the power sector, a capacity addition of 78, 577 MW has been proposed for the 11 th Plan
Operation performance of power stations- salient features • Gross annual generation crossed 800 BU (811 BU) • Gross monthly generation figure has crossed 75 BU mark (75. 5 in Mar’ 11) • Gross daily generation figure has crossed 2. 5 BU mark (2. 508 on 18 th Mar’ 11) • Nuclear generation achieved a remarkable growth rate of 41. 04% due to improved availability of nuclear fuel • Generation from hydro based plants improved with a growth rate of 10. 01% due to revival of good monsoon after 2 successive yrs of deficit rainfall conditions.
Operation performance of power stations- salient features • Thermal generation achieved a growth rate of 3. 81%. Coal based generation achieved a growth rate of 3. 99%. • Average PLF of thermal based plants was 75. 1% as compared to 77. 68% in 2009 -10. • 53 stations with an aggregate installed capacity of 53827. 5 MW achieved PLF of national average • 19 thermal stations with an aggregate installed capacity of 21995 MW operated above 90% PLF. • Operational availability of thermal stations marginally reduced to 84. 24% from 85. 10 % during the previous yr. Growth rate in respect of liquid fuel based GTs, multi fuel stations as well as DG sets had a negative growth rate.
Reasons for low PLF compared to last year • Increased forced outages of plants • Unscheduled/extended plant maintenance of some thermal units • Forced shut down/ backing down due to raw water problems, coal shortages and receipt of poor quality coal • Receipt of lower schedule from beneficiary states.
Plant Load Factor • 1 per cent increase in PLF effectively means capacity addition of approx 1000 MW (requiring nearly Rs. 4000 Cr. ) • Increasing the PLF of SEB plants would reduce the cost of supply and benefit the SEBs.
Indian Power Sector Long Term Trends India is 3 rd largest economy 1 Estimated to be the fastest growing economy In the world by 2012 2 Source: (1) World Bank; (2) International Energy Outlook 2006; (3) Report of Working Group on Power for Eleventh Plan (2007 -12) Potentially 3 rd largest electricity market globally By 2030 2 Indian Power Sector characterized by huge energy shortages (3) 37
MAJOR REASONS FOR POWER SECTOR ILLS ØInadequate power generation capacity; ØLack of optimum utilization of the existing generation capacity; ØInefficient use of electricity by the end consumer; ØInadequate inter-regional transmission links; ØHuge T&D losses (theft) and skewed tariff structure, making SEBs unviable.
Optimum utilization of the existing generation capacity through R&M • Old SEB units performing at low efficiency due to lack of R&M / poor maintenance. States unable to undertake R&M because of funds constraints. • R&M is a cost effective (Rs 1 Cr/MW for thermal and Rs 60 -70 Lakh/MW for hydro) and quick return option for increasing generation (new capacity @ Rs 4 -5 Cr/MW). • 170 thermal (11, 000 MW) and 35 hydel (3, 000 MW) units identified for R&M by CEA. • 90 BU (20% of current annual generation) expected through R&M
Growth of Indian Power Sector: TRANSMISSION SYSTEM • Required development of high voltage transmission system did suffer in the early years. • During 80’s, when NTPC had the jurisdiction of creating HV transmission system along with their super thermal power stations, transmission side of the industry got a boost. • Subsequently, PGCIL was formed out of NTPC and from 1992, PGCIL has added significantly towards creation of HV transmission system and development of the national grid • Transmission sector opened up for private sector participation with the amendment of the ES Act in 1998
Inadequate inter-regional transmission links • Uneven distribution of power resources (coal, hydel, etc. ) • Transporting coal costlier than transmitting power. • Scenario of simultaneous surplus (ER) and shortage (Other regions) • Existing interregional transmission capacity only about 22350 MW
Electricity Act 2003 Main features Delicensing electricity generation Mandating restructuring of state electricity boards to separate transmission (wires business) and trade Allowing for open access on transmission and distribution networks Facilitating electricity trading Mandating the establishment of SERCs in each state. Liberalizing captive or self-generation Setting up the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity (ATE)
Electricity Act 2003 Main features In addition, the focus was widened to upgrade and improve the financial and operational efficiency of the distribution companies. A massive funding scheme of the Go. I called the Accelerated Power Development and Reform Program (APDRP) was initiated to provide funds to State Electricity Boards and distribution companies to improve system efficiency and provide incentives for better performance.
NEP 2005 The National Electricity Policy 2005, which introduced the concept of universal service, mandated that all villages should be electrified by 2007 -2008 and all households by 2011 -2012.
NEP 2005 The National Electricity Policy 2005, which introduced the concept of universal service, mandated that all villages should be electrified by 2007 -2008 and all households by 2011 -2012.
Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPPs) under the competitive bidding route, are expected to add substantial thermal capacity. In 2008, the Go. I promulgated the Hydro Power Policy to encourage private investments, improve resettlement and rehabilitation and enhance the financial viability of hydropower development. Earlier in 2007, the Mo. P had issued the approach and guidelines for the development of merchant power plants (MPPs). Two main programs of the Go. I are aimed at improving electricity distribution. The APDRP
Two main programs of the Go. I are aimed at improving electricity distribution. The APDRP provides loans and grants to augment investments in distribution system upgrades. The Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikiran Yojana (RGGVY), launched in 2005, aims at electrifying all villages and providing access to electricity to all rural households over a period of four years.
Evolution of Grid Interconnection in India National Regional State Local 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1990’s
EVOLUTION OF POWER SYSTEM IN INDIA PRE INDEPENDENCE - SMALL ISOLATED SYSTEM PRIOR TO 60 s - GENERATION/TRANSMISION BY SEBS DURING 60 s - LIMITED INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN NEIGHBOURING STATES 70 s - EMERGENCE OF CENTRAL SECTOR GENERATION ( NTPC/NHPC/NUCLEAR ETC. ) PLANNING OF GENERATION/TRANSMISSION ON REGIONAL BASIS LATE 80 s – INTEGRATED GRID OPERATION THROUGH 400 k. V SYSTEM LATE 90 s - ASYNCHRONOUS INTER REGIONAL LINKS LONG DISTANCE HVDC LINKS / B 2 B STATIONS
Isolated systems • Isolated systems developed in and around industrial & urban areas • Establishment of CEA under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 for coordinated development of Power Sector • The Act also provided formation of State Electricity Boards (SEBs) in the States
State Grid Systems • The systems around urban and industrial areas grew into full fledged State Grid systems • The country was demarcated in to five Regions for the purpose of coordinated power sector planning • Regional Electricity Boards were established in each of the regions for facilitating integrated operation of state systems • Inter-state lines were planned which were treated as Centrally sponsored schemes.
Regional Grid System • 1975: Central Sector generation utilities created • Benefits of these to be shared by the states of the region. • Construction of associated transmission system for evacuation of power as well as delivery of power to the constituent states, also entrusted to these corporations • Focus of planning and development in the transmission system shifted from State Grid system to Regional Grid system • By the end of 1980's strong regional networks came into existence.
Inter Region Links • 1989: Power Grid Corporation of India formed to give thrust to implementation of transmission system associated with Central generating stations • few inter-regional links were also planned and developed to facilitate exchange among the various regions (limited to emergency situations) • resource planning as well as grid operation and consequently the operational frequencies of various regions continued to be Region specific.
National Grid • Focus of planning the generation and the transmission system shifted from the orientation of regional self-sufficiency to the concept of optimization of utilization of resources on All India basis • A strong National Grid system would enable such an all-India generation planning and development
Five Regional Grids Two Frequencies August 2006 North synchronized With Central Grid March 2003 West synchronized With East & Northeast NEW Grid October 1991 East and Northeast synchronized South Grid Central Grid MERGING OF MARKETS North West South East Northeast Five Regional Grids Five Frequencies Installed Capacity 179 GW
TOWARDS FORMATION OF NATIONAL GRID Ministry of Power has envisaged the establishment of an integrated National Power Grid in the country by the year 2012 with an inter-regional power transfer capacity of about 37, 700 MW. The exploitable energy resources in our country are concentrated in certain pockets. As a result, some regions do not have adequate natural resources for setting power plants to meet the future requirements whereas others have abundant natural resources. This has necessitated the formation of National Power Grid to transmit power from resource rich to deficit area as well as facilitate scheduled/ unscheduled exchange of power
Objectives underlying the formation of National Grid • To transfer power from surplus regions to deficit regions • Utilise maximum diversified regions resources from • Ensure reliable, economical and quality power
Perspective transmission plan upto 2012
Growth in Inter-regional Transmission Capacity 36700 MW Source: CEA IR CAPACITY : 22350 MW
Growth of Inter – Regional Exchanges
INTER-REGIONAL TRANSFER BY END OF 11 th PLAN (2012) 3000 MW NORTHERN REGION 13620 MW 4180 MW NORTHEASTERN REGION 6660 MW WESTERN REGION EASTERN REGION 3780 MW SOUTHERN REGION 2840 MW 3620 MW 37, 700 MW OF INTERREGIONAL POWER BY 2012 Source: CEA
Transmission System for Hydro development in NER 30 -35 GW of Hydro potential in North-eastern Region 10 GW from Sikkim and Bhutan Ø Substantial power from this region would be required to be transmitted to NR/WR over distances exceeding 2000 km. Ø Right of way constraints in the chicken neck area. Ø Hybrid network of EHVDC and high capacity 400 k. V AC developed.
Acquiring Right of Way (ROW) for constructing transmission system is getting increasingly difficult. This necessitates creation of high capacity “Transmission Highways” , so that in future, constraints in ROW do not become bottleneck in harnessing natural resources Four major power regions of the country namely, North-Eastern, Western and Northern are now operating as one synchronous grid.
NATIONAL GRID : THE ADVANTAGES • STRONG BACKBONE ‘ANYWHERE TO ANYWHERE’ ’ TRADING • ECONOMIC OPERATION • OPTIMAL UTILISATION OF SCARCE NATIONAL RESOURCES • HARNESS DIVERSITY – SAVING OF 13, 000 MW BY YEAR 2012 • • ADDED STABILITY BOUNDARY-LESS OPERATION HUB AND SPOKE ARRANGEMENT GENERATORS HAVE READY EVACUATION PATH THE NATIONAL GRID ENVISAGED BY POWERGRID IS A HYBRID NETWORK COMPRISING A 765 k. V HUB WITH 400 k. V AC AND 500 k. V HVDC SPOKES
765 KV RING MAIN SYSTEM THE POWER ‘HIGHWAY’ CHEAP HYDRO POWER FROM THE NORTHEAST AND PIT HEAD THERMAL POWER FROM THE EAST ENTERS THE RING AND EXITS TO POWER STARVED REGIONS
Control Centres • Bulk electric power systems comprise of hundreds of generating units interconnected by an intricate web of transmission & distribution spread across vast geographical stretches. • • For ensuring a reliable and quality supply to the consumers, the power system must be operated within the prescribed reliability standards. • The system operators positioned at wellequipped control centres provide the coordination services that are vital for operating the system within the operating limits.
Load Despatch Centers in India • The control of the grid is planned to be done at 3 levels of hierarchy namely NLDC, RLDC and SLDC. • Each level of hierarchy has definite roles and responsibilities
Surplus Regions Hierarchy of Indian Power System NR NER 2300 WR Deficit Regions ER
Role of NLDC • • Economy and Efficiency of National Grid Monitoring of operations and grid security of National Grid Restoration of synchronous operation of National Grid Trans-national exchange of power Feedback to CEA & CTU for national Grid Planning Dissemination of information Levy and collection of fee and charges - CERC Disse Supervision Coordinate Supervision & control RLDC Coordinate Inter Regional Links Accounting RPC for regional outage Plan
Role of RLDC Exclusive functions • Real time operation , control & contingency analysis • Generation scheduling/ re-scheduling • Restoration • Metering & data collection • Compiling & furnishing of operation data • Operation of Regional UI pool Account. Reactive energy account and Congestion charge account • Operation of ancillary services
Role of RLDC Apex body for integrate d operation For ST Open Access. Nodal Agency Comply the directions Directions Central • • SLDC State Licensee Generating company Generating station / Sub-stations any other concerned person Functions • optimum scheduling and despatch of electricity • Monitor grid operation • Keep accounts of electricity transmitted • Exercise Supervision and control over the ISTS • Real time operations
Role of SLDC – Apex body in a State Ensure compliance • Monitor grid operations Directions and • Keep accounts of electricity exercise transmitted supervision and • Activities of control Licensee, Real-time operation generating company, • exercise supervision and control generating station, sub-station Power System and any other concerned person • Optimum scheduling and despatch Directions State RLDC
Planning Code for Inter State Transmission • meticulous planning in various time horizons viz. long-term, mid-term, short-term and real-time, required • CEA & CTU in coordination with STU responsible for long term planning in an integrated manner • Operational planning in the other time horizons and operation in real time to be taken care of by the RLDCs & SLDCs • The Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) lays down the rules, guidelines and standards to be followed by the various agencies and participants in the system
Intra-State Inter-state STU CTU Transmission schemes for planning and coordination Intra-State STU Transmission schemes for planning and coordination CEA 83
Role of RPC • • Facilitate the stable and smooth operations of the system Functions: – regional level operation analysis – facilitate inter-state/inter-regional transfer of power – facilitate planning of inter-state/intrastate transmission system – coordinate maintenance of generating units – coordinate maintenance of transmission system – protection studies – Planning for maintaining proper voltages – Consensus on issues related to economy and efficiency MS SRPC shall certify Availability of transmission system Prepare Regional Energy Account, Weekly UI, Reactive & Congestion charge account Decisions RLDC/SLDC/CTU/ STU/ Users
Role of CTU • Planning to undertake transmission of electricity through ISTS RLDC • to ensure development of an efficient, coordinated and economical ISTS State 1 shall operate STU ISTS lines CTU/to provide non-discriminatory Open Access – Will not engage in trading and generation – For LTOA & MTOA nodal agency Central Govt. State Govt. RPC Generating State 2 Companies CEA Licensees 85
Role of STU • to undertake transmission of electricity through intra -state transmission system • to ensure development of an efficient, coordinated and economical intra-state transmission system Planning shall operate SLDC CTU State Govt. Intra-state transmission system RPC STU/to provide non-discriminatory Open Access CEA Generating Companies Licensees
Role of CEA • will formulate short-term and perspective plans for transmission system • specify technical standards for construction of electrical plants, electric lines and connectivity to the grid • specify safety requirements for construction, operation and maintenance of electrical plants and electrical lines • specify grid standards for operation and maintenance of transmission lines • specify conditions for SEMs • Promote and assist timely completion of schemes • To collect and record electrical data- cost, efficiency • To carry out investigation ( Electrical system) • Shall Prepare National Electricity Plan (NEP)
Objectives of Planning Code • To specify the principles, procedures and criteria which shall be used in the planning and development of the ISTS and inter regional links. • To promote co-ordination amongst all users, STU/SLDC and CTU/RLDC and NLDC in any proposed development of the ISTS. • To provide methodology and information exchange amongst users, STU/SLDC and CTU/RLDC and NLDC in the planning and development of the ISTS.
Scope of planning code Connected to/using/developing ISTS CTU ISGS GC ISTS SEBs STU Licensees IPP Generation/Transmission of energy to/from ISTS Objective • specify principles, • specify procedures • specify criteria • promote coordination 89 • information exchange
Planning Philosophy Long-term plan (10 -15 years) CEA • inter/intra state transmission system • continuously updated to reflect load projections and generation scenarios • NEP • Avoid congestion Annual plan (5 year forward term) CTU • Identification of major inter state/regional lines including system strengthening schemes • Planning schemes shall also consider: CEA’s: & Long-term perspective plan & Electric Power Survey of India report & Transmission Planning Criteria and guidelines Ø RPC Feedback Ø NLDC/RLDC/SLDC feedback Ø CERC Regulations Ø Renewable capacity addition (MNRES) 90
Planning philosophy (contd. . . ) • System strengthening schemes by CTU: – shall be done in consultation with CEA’s Standing Committee for Transmission System Planning: • Planning – On the basis of PPA – No PPA/ no consensus – CTU may approach CERC in accordance with CERC (Grant of Regulatory approval for Capital Investment to CTU for execution of ISTS) • Planning data: – submission by STUs/Users to CTU: 91
Planning philosophy (contd. . . ) • Voltage management by: – – • • • capacitors, reactors, SVC and FACTs similar exercise by STU shall plan to evacuate power from ISTS & intra-state transmission systems are complementary & interdependent If LTA Applications require strengthening of intra-state transmission system – applicant shall coordinate with STU 92
Planning Data Under the Planning Code, the Regional entities, STUs, State Generating Companies, IPPs, licensees are required to supply two types of data: i) Standard planning data ii) Detailed planning data
Implementation of Transmission Plan • The actual program of implementation of transmission lines, Interconnecting Transformers, reactors/capacitors and other transmission elements will be determined by CTU in consultation with the concerned users and STUs. • The completion of these works, in the required time frame, shall be ensured by CTU through the concerned persons
Conclusion • The formation of the “NEW” grid has taken us from regional grid operation to national grid operation. • Advantage regional grids: able to reap all the benefits associated with synchronous interconnection • Risk: regional grids to handle the inherent risks of a “Large Grid” • Greater emphasis on “network reliability”, “protection systems”, “grid discipline” and “handling emergencies”.
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