India The student of 102 groups Chudinova K. L.
Geographical position India is a vast country with enormous geographical variations. The features that make Indian geography unique are - its mountain ranges, valleys, desert regions, tropical rain forests, fertile plains, dry plateaus, coastal areas etc. Read on to know other facts about India: India is the largest democracy in the world. Other names of the country include Bharat or Hindustan. The identity of India is unique with its incredible diversity, both culturally and physically. India offers big regional variations in its climate, from cool mountain pastures beside the glaciers, through windy plateau, to warm river valleys and burning deserts. This diversity in the climatic conditions throughout the country is also reflected in its rich flora and fauna.
Geographical position By area, India is the seventh largest country in the world. It consists of twenty-eight states and seven Union Territories. Area covered by India is 3. 3 million sq. kms. Regarding the location of India, it lies in the northern hemisphere. The Indian mainland measures 3214 kms from north to south between extreme latitudes and about 2933 kms from east to west between extreme longitudes. Its land frontier is approximately 15200 kms. India is also the second largest populous country in the world, next only to China. Its population is around 1027 million (as per 2001 census). Around 16% of the world's population lives in India. However, regarding area, India accounts for only 2. 42% of the total world area. India lies between 8º 4' and 37º 6' north of the Equator. Surrounding the country is the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west and the Indian Ocean in the south. In the neighborhood of India lie Bangladesh (in east), Pakistan (in west), Nepal (in north-east), China (in north-east) and Sri Lanka (in south). Separating India from Sri Lanka is the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Straits. Also a part of India is the Andaman and Nicobar Island in the Bay of Bengal and the Lakshwadeep in the Arabian Sea.
Indian History in Short The History of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization in such sites as Mohenjo. Daro, Harappa, and Lothal, and the coming of the Aryans. These two phases are usually described as the pre-Vedic and Vedic perio ds. It is in the Vedic period that Hinduism first arose: this is the time to which the Vedas are dated. In the fifth century, large parts of India were united under Ashoka. He also converted to Buddhism, and it is in his reign that Buddhism spread to o ther parts of Asia. It is in the reign of the Mauryas that Hinduism took the shape that fundamentally informs the religion down to the present day. Successor states were more fragmented.
Indian History in Short Islam first came to India in the eighth century, and by the 11 th century had firmly established itself in India as a political force; the North Indian dynasties of the Lodhis, Tughlaqs, and numerous others, whose remains are visible in Delhi and scattered elsewhere around North India, were finally succeeded by the Mughal empire, under which India once again achieved a large measure of political unity. The European presence in India dates to the seventeenth century, and it is in the latter part of this century that the. Mughal empire began to disintegrate, paving the way for regional states. In the contest for supremacy, the English emerged 'victors', their rule marked by the conquests at the battlefields of Plassey and Buxar. The Rebellion of 1857 -58, which sought to restore Indian supremacy, was crushed; and with the subsequent crowning of Victoria as Empress of India, the incorporation of India into the empire was complete. Successive campaigns had the effect of driving the British out of India in 1947.
Natural resources: coal (fourthlargest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, rare earth elements, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land.
Political system India, a union of states, is a Sovereign, Secular, Democratic Republic with a Parliamentary system of Government. The Indian polity is governed in terms of the Constitution, which was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950. The President is the constitutional head of Executive of the Union. Real executive power vests in a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister as head. Article 74(1) of the constitution provides that there shall be a Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister to aid and advise the President who shall, in exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha, the House of the People.
Political system In the states, the Governor, as the representative of the President, is the head of Executive, but real executive power rests with the Chief Minister who heads the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers of a state is collectively responsible to the elected legislative assembly of the state. The Constitution governs the sharing of legislative power between Parliament and the State Legislatures, and provides for the vesting of residual powers in Parliament. The power to amend the Constitution also vests in Parliament. The Union Executive consists of the President, the Vice-President and Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President.
Economy and industry India is the world’s third largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP), with a gross domestic product (GDP) of US $4. 042 trillion. It is the twelfth largest economy in the world when measured in exchange-rate terms, with a GDP of US $930. 0 billion (2007). It is the second fastest growing major economy in the world, with a GDP growth rate of 9. 2% at the end of the second quarter of 2006– 2007. However, due to its huge population, it has a per capita income of $3400 at PPP and $714 at nominal. The World Bank has placed it in the list of low-income economy. India’s economy is diverse, depending on agriculture, handicrafts, textile, manufacturing, and a multitude of services.
Economy and industry The two-thirds of the Indian workforce depend directly or indirectly on agriculture. However, the service sector also plays an important role in India’s economy. India’s major industries include textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery and software. India is a major exporter of highly-skilled workers in software, and financial services, . Due to continuous economic expansion, India has made significant progress in reducing its federal fiscal deficit. However, the massive growth of population is the fundamental social, economic, and environmental problem.
System of education Education system in India has always been put under scanner. Until recent times, the mind set was “if you want quality education, go abroad for higher studies”. Similar things could be heard in case of career and job opportunities. Many suggestions were made to improve education standards in country. These included modification of syllabus, incorporation of dynamic courses, comfortable and modern infrastructure and recruitment of experienced teachers. All these recommendations were taken in positive light and as a result, they are yielding favorable results in every respect.
System of education Today, India has become a favorite global educational destination, sharing platforms with USA, UK, Australia, Canada, Germany and France. It is not only attracting national students, but international candidates also. A large number of students from China, Canada, South Africa and other countries are coming to India in the pursuit of higher studies. Some people may find it difficult to believe India’s growth story in education sector. But, it’s a truth and considerable reforms in different integrated levels such as Pre. Primary, Higher-Secondary, Graduation and Post-graduation bear enough testimony to this
Health care system Responsibility Health care in India is the responsibility of the 28 Indian states. In 1983, The Parliament of India created a national health policy as part of its constitution. Each state, according to the Indian constitution, is charged with raising nutrition levels, the standard of living and public health. Training India produces more than 25, 000 healthcare professionals each year. There are more than 250 schools for doctors that train under Western-style medicine, while 400 schools teach the traditional Indian system. Despite the number of schools and professionals, the World Health Organization states that India has numerous vacancies for lab technicians, radiographers and other para-professional positions.
Health care system Insurance Although health care is technically available to all people for no cost, better-quality health care in India comes from private organizations. Insurance costs are typically too expensive for lower-class Indians. Of those who can afford it-upper- and middle-class citizens-about 50 percent have elected to take on both public and private health insurance in exchange for higher levels of health care. Major Problems One of the largest problems with India's health-care system is the grossly uneven distribution of services and access among population classes. Middle- and upper-class Indians have significantly better access to emergency services and quality health-care centers, while the rural population lives in diseaseridden areas with poor access. An Oxford University study revealed that more than 1 million Indians die each year from inadequate health care, despite the high-quality doctors within the country. Eighty percent of specialist doctors live within urban areas where the upper-class people dwell, and 700 million Indians do not have access to their services.
Tourism The reason why India has been doing well in all types of tourism in India is that India has always been known for its hospitality, uniqueness, and charm – attributes that have been attracting foreign travelers to India in hordes. The Indian government, in order to boost tourism of various kinds in India, has set up the Ministry of Tourism and Culture. This ministry recently launched a campaign called ‘Incredible India!’ in order to encourage different types of tourism in India. The result was that in 2004, foreign tourists spent around US$ 15. 4 billion during their trips to India. Being a country with tremendous diversity, India has a lot to offer in terms of tourism and related activities. The diversity that India is famous for, ensures that there is something to do for all tourists in India, no matter what their interests.
Tourism Adventure tourism Wildlife tourism Medical tourism Pilgrimage tourism Eco tourism Cultural tourism
Major Cities New Delhi Mumbai Pune Chennai Kolkata Bangalore
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