India
Indian Administrative Structure
Basics • Over 1 Billion people • Opening to the world economically since 1991 • Importance of the US-Indian-Chinese relationship in the future
Paradoxes 1. Democracy and Inequality 2. Religion and Separation of Church and State 3. Indian Economic Model 4. Wealth and Poverty 5. Diversity 6. National vs Regional
Paradox One: Democracy and Inequality • Largest democracy in the World • But… – Economic inequality – Social inequality (due to lingering Hindu caste system)
Paradox Two: Religion and Separation of Church and State • Religion: 80% Hindu • But… a national ideology of separation of church and state… • But the Bharatiya Janata and “Hindu nationalism” or Hindutva
Prime Minister 2004 -2014 • Manmohan Singh • The first Sikh PM • From Congress Party
Leader of Congress Party • Sonja Gandhi • Roman Catholic • Born in Italy
Three Presidents of India First “Untouchable” Pres. First Muslim Pres. First Woman Pres. 2007 -2012
Paradox Three: Indian Economic Model • East Asian Model: Authoritarian and capitalist • India: Democratic with a socialist economy (until 1991 when economic reforms began)
Paradox Four: Wealth and Poverty Bangalore India’s Silicon Valley Slums of any city
Paradox Five: Diversity • 80% Hindu, but… • 22 Official languages now • Over 140 million Muslims (the nation in the world with the third largest Muslim population)
Paradox Six: National vs. Regional • Two major national parties: – Congress Party – BJP – Also, minor party: Communist Party Marxist • 2009: 35 regional parties in Parliament • Lok Sabha Party-wise
Political Culture 1. 2. 3. 4. Geography Agrarian economy Population Religion 1. 2. 3. 4. Hindu: 81% Muslim: 13% Christian 2. 3% Sikh: 1. 9%
Hindu Caste System 1. Priests – Brahmins 2. Warriors – Kahtriyas 3. Landowners/merchants – Vaishyas 4. Small Farmers – Sudras Outcastes, sub-castes, backward tribes, and “Untouchables” or Dalits or Harijans Bhimrao Ambedkar
Mauryan Dynasty, 321 -185 BC
Gupta Dynasty, 320 -413 AD
Mughal Dynasty, 1529 -1707
British Colonialism
Amritsar Massacre, April 1919 Eduard Thony painting
Indian National Congress Jawaharlal Nehru and Mohandas Gandhi
Gandhi’s Impact on the INC • Extremists vs. moderates • Ending factional struggle • Mass movement • Non-violence – Gandhi’s writings • Independence Now
Muslim League Mohammed Ali Jinnah
Independence and partition
Kashmir UNMOGIP
Government Structure • Indian Constitution • President • Parliament – Rajya Sabha – Lok Sabha • Prime Minister
Parliamentary Process for PM PM and House serve full term Party wins majority General election of Lower House elects PM No party wins majority PM dies or resigns No Confidence motion fails passes Parties negotiate to form coalition (50% of seats, plus one) PM dissolves House
The Process (in theory) PM and House serve full term Party wins majority General election of Lower House elects PM PM dies or resigns
Coalition Formation and Choosing PM PM and House serve full term Party wins majority General election of Lower House elects PM No party wins majority Parties negotiate to form coalition (50% of seats, plus one) PM dies or resigns
No Confidence Motion PM and House serve full term Party wins majority General election of Lower House elects PM No party wins majority PM dies or resigns No Confidence motion fails passes Parties negotiate to form coalition (50% of seats, plus one)
PM Dissolves Lower House PM and House serve full term Party wins majority General election of Lower House elects PM No party wins majority PM dies or resigns No Confidence motion fails passes Parties negotiate to form coalition (50% of seats, plus one) PM dissolves House
1996 Election • Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) • Congress Party • National Front 160 136 110 • National Front forms government
Nehru Dynasty Jawaharlal Nehru 1947 -1964 Indira Gandhi 1966 -1977 1980 -1984 Rajiv Gandhi 1984 -1989
Congress Party INC
Congress’ Ideology • Secularism • Socialist economics 1947 -1991 • Economic Reform 1991 -present
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) • Hindutva (Hindu Nationalism) • RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh; National Volunteer Organization) 1984 2 1989 88 1991 120 1996 160 1998 176 1999 182
Others • Leftist parties – AITC (All India Trinamool Congress (West Bengal, Manipur, Tripura and Arunachal Pradesh) – Communist Party of India (Marxist) • Regional parties – AIADMK (All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhigam) Tamil Nadu state – Telugu Desam Party (Andrha Pradesh) – Samajwadi Party (Uttar Pradesh) • Caste-based Parties – Bahujan Samaj Party
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