Increasing the profitability of Legume production in Mozambique

Increasing the profitability of Legume production in Mozambique through Technology discovery, Development and Delivery linked to Markets Progress for 2009 -2010 season The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

Introduction Although total agricultural production has increased significantly over the past decade, in Mozambique, it is mainly through an expansion of the area farmed rather than from increased agricultural productivity Use of improved seeds (Fig. 1) and fertilizer is well below that of neighboring countries and as a result labor productivity remains low Figure 1: Survey of sources of seed for smallholder farmers in Mozambique, 2007 (USAID-funded Chinyanja Triangle project)

Introduction Continued…. Sustained investment in agricultural research is therefore needed in order for Mozambique to exploit its agricultural potential to the full in the long term Identification of “bottle-necks” in the technology development and delivery necessary for the legume value chain Climate variability presents challenges to enhanced productivity of crops produced in marginal environments – development of mitigation strategies is necessary

Objectives of this Project Main objective - to identify production recommendations that address issues related to: Climate variability and Value Chains for Pigeonpea and Groundnuts The specific objectives are : To develop crop management options to improve productivity of Pigeonpea and product quality; and mitigate the effects of climate induced risk – especially rainfall To improve farmer incomes

Pigeonpea Ecologies

Summary of Planned Year 1 Activities Result Activities 1 - Assemble and analyze long-term daily climatic data and develop soil fertility management options for legume intercropping systems through crop simulation modeling - Collection of long-term daily climate data (30 years +) from main meteorological weather stations, and soils survey information - Design and undertake a survey of ‘volunteer’ rainfall stations (large estates, district offices, schools and churches)

Activities by results continued…. Result 1 Activities - Validate MARKSIM (a spatial weather generator) for parts of the project area for which no climate data exists - Improve the quality of long-term climatic data through infilling missing values for temperature and rainfall and generating solar radiation information

Activities by results continued…. Result Activities 1 - Undertake simple multi-location trials (onstation and in farmers’ fields) for groundnut and pigeonpea for the local calibration of the Australian developed, weather driven crop growth simulation model (Agricultural Production Systems Simulator, APSIM) - Use APSIM to identify legume interventions that have a high probability of production and economic success in the context of climate and soils variability

Activities by results continued…. Result Activities 1 - Develop suitable micro-dosing options for increasing legume productivity in legume-based cropping systems - Combine the outputs above with relevant socio-economic parameters (using GIS) to determine targeted recommendation domains for legume diversification strategies.

Progress on activities Activity I: - Assemble and analyze long term daily climatic data and develop soil fertility management options for legume intercropping systems through crop simulation modeling sub-activity 5: “Undertaking simple multi-location trials (on-station and in farmers’ fields) for pigeonpea for the local calibration of the Australiandeveloped, weather driven crop growth model (Agricultural Production Systems Simulator, APSIM) sub-activity 7: Development of suitable micro-dosing options for increasing legume productivity in legume based cropping systems

On-station Trials - Activity I u. Evaluation of Long and Medium duration Pigeonpea varieties PAN; - 22 Long duration varieties at - 22 Medium duration varieties at Casa Agraria and Mtengo Umodzi in Angonia u. Temporal and Spatial variability Trials - Time of planting and row/ ridge spacing - Incuded two varieties – Long and Medium duration

Design of Trials A Split-Split plot design with 3 replications (blocks) Row spacing (R) comprised the main plots as follows: R 1 = 75 cm R 2 = 90 cm R 3 = 120 cm Planting time (T), comprised the sub plots Early planting T 1 = to be planted with first good rains Late planting T 2 = to be planted two weeks after T 1 Varieties (V), comprised the sub-sub plots Long duration variety V 1 = (ICEAP 00040) Medium duration variety V 2 = (ICEAP 00557)

Pigeonpea Intercropping Trials Pure stand of variety ICEAP 00040 (Long duration), pure stand of ICEAP 000557 (medium duration type), intercrop of ICEAP 00040 with Maize, Cassava and Sorghum intercrop of 00557 with Maize, Cassava and Sorghum The Design was a Completely Randomized Block design with 8 treatments in Nampula At Casa Agraria (Angonia), the intercropping was only with Maize and Sorghum – (cassava is not commonly intercropped with pigeonpea in this region)

Pigeonpea Micro-dosing Trials Pigeonpea fixes nitrogen through nodulation; but, the N-fixation process requires Phosphorous (P) A starter dose of P containing fertilizer is essential for nodulation in soils deficient in P A micro-dosing trial was designed to determine the performance of pigeonpea under P fertilization using different rates of P. The Trial Two pigeonpea varieties (Long and Medium duration types) P rates - ranged from 0, 15 and 20 kg P ha -1 The trial was laid out in a 2 x 4 factorial. Sites – Nampula (PAN), Angonia (Mtengo Umodzi)

On-Farm Trials The long duration variety trials were conducted in Nampula, Zambezia and Angonia (Mussacama) Nampula and Zambezia - ICP 9145, Farmers’ Local, ICEAP 00557, ICEAP 00040 and ICEAP 00020 Angonia - ICEAP 00926, ICEAP 0076 -1, ICEAP 00040 and ICEAP 00020 The medium duration variety trials were conducted only in Angonia Six varieties tested in the short duration trial included ICEAP 01514/15, ICEAP 01480/32, ICEAP 01162/21, ICEAP 01167/11, ICEAP 00557 and Mthawajuni

On-farm trial sites Table 1: Sites for the on-farm trials and number of Farmers Province/ District Nampula District Total Number of Trials Number of Farmers 4 4 Alto-Molocue 4 4 Milange Total 4 Gurue Tete 4 Malema Zambezia Mutuali 4 4 Angonia 12 10 32 30

Results: On-station Trials

Results: On-farm trials Table 2: Performance of improved pigeonpea varieties on farmer’s field in Gurue Variety ICEAP 00020 ICEAP 00040 ICEAP 00557 ICP 9145 Mean S. E CV % Grain yield (kg/ha) Seed size (g) 793 754 820 1080 18. 6 19. 0 15. 6 15. 3 862 106. 5 12. 40 17. 1 0. 7 4. 40

Farmer Participatory Variety Evaluation

Farmers’ Criteria

Table 3: Participatory Variety Selection: Farmers’ Criteria and Ranking of Varieties Plot 1 Variety Traits Seed size (visual) Earliness Yield (pod numbers) 1 ICEAP 00020 3 3 3 2 ICEAP 00040 1 2 1 3 ICEAP 00557 4 1 4 4 Farmers’ Local 5 4 5 5 ICP 9145 2 3 2

Field days and Farmers’ participation District Location Attendance Total Men 19 34 53 29 9 38 Murrimo 18 8 26 Sub-total Malema Lioma Magige Grue Women 66 51 117 Mtulo 20 29 49 Mutuali 26 29 55 Sub total 46 58 104 Grand Total 112 109 221

Seed Production Breeder Seed Production Basic Seed Production

OBRIGADO IIAM (PAN, Mtengo Umodzi) World Vision Gurue, Farmers

Year 2 Work Plan Collection of Climatic Data in Collaboration with Met Department and University of Reading Continuation of Crop Management Technologies in On-Station and On-Farm Trials Climatic Risk Modelling – collaborate with Pro. SAVANNA project Provide Data to IIAM to start the Technology Release procedures Support USEBA with Seed Production of existing and new varieties to be released