incoteco What Can 1 000 MW of Battery

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incoteco What Can 1, 000 MW of Battery as Distributed Storage do for UK? PROPOSAL Price Evolution has now made new build Distributed Electricity Storage economically feasible in UK 1

incoteco Executive Summary UK electricity fundamentals are: • Demand keeps growing • Low cost generating capacity is shrinking • The N. Sea gas bubble has gone and UK must now compete with World for access to international gas supplies. . . • . . . where other fundamentals will keep gas prices high • …and daily peak demand will have to be met with high cost CCGTs 1000 MW of Batteries can supply part of this peak 2

incoteco Recent Price History - SBP Peak supplied by CCGTs Nuclear & coal offpeak 3

incoteco Recent Price History - SSP These differentials could not justify new storage investments – hence previous failure of Regenesys 4

incoteco Differences between selling & buying price Sell Buy 5

incoteco Are we seeing the future? • Gas is now a global commodity • Gas and oil reserves are concentrated in Russia and OPEC countries • Gas prices are likely to converge with oil prices and any way. . . • . . . OPEC will cartelize OPEC’s gas production. . . • Covertly supported by Russia and Norway Expect gas prices over $10/mm. Btu for indefinite future 6

incoteco What other Options? • More nuclear capacity – Unavailable for 10 – 15 years • Clean coal (with CCS) – Unavailable for 5 – 10 years • Renewable energy? – Only supplying firm capacity with storage 7

incoteco Storage Options • More Pumped Hydro ? – Out of the question for environmental reasons • Compressed air energy storage ? – Salt domes are needed to increase gas storage capacity • Flow batteries – Only VRB can be realistically rolled out in immediate future – VRB owns Vanadium and Regenesys processes It looks like VRB 8

incoteco VRB Demonstration Plants World-wide Place Application Specification Start date Kashima Kita PS, Japan Load levelling 200 k. W x 4 h 1996 Office building, Osaka Load levelling demo 100 k. W x 8 h 2000 Sanyo factory Voltage sag, load levelling 3000 k. W x 1. 5 sec 1500 k. W x 1 hour 2001 Wind power, Hokkaido Stabilization wind turbine output 170 k. W x 6 h 2001 Dunlop Golf Course PV hybrid, load levelling 30 k. W x 8 h 2001 University, Japan Load levelling 500 k. W x 10 h 2001 Stellenbosch U, SA Load levelling 250 k. W x 2 h 2001 EPRI, Italy Peak shaving 42 k. W x 2 h 2002 Pacific Corp, Utah End of line peak shaving 250 k. W x 8 h 2004 King Island, Australia Stabilization wind turbine 250 k. W x 8 h 2004 Tomamae Wind farm, Hokkaido Stabilization wind turbine 4000 k. W x 2 h 2005 Nine Years - no re-invention of wheel needed 9

incoteco Large batteries are in daily use VRB battery at 30. 6 MW Tomamae wind park, Hokkaido 4 MW, 6 MW Pulse 6 MWh Smoothing spiky windfarm output 10

incoteco Multi-Applications & Benefits Spinning and standby reserve Power rating 100 MW Frequency control 10 MW 100 k. W Power quality 10 k. W Black start Load levelling/following Un-interruptible power supplies Voltage support VAR support Transmission stability Peak shaving Load factor increase Capacity deferral Integration of renewables Tariff trading 0 0 1 s 10 s 1 min 30 min 1 h 2 h 4 h 8 h Storage inventory 11

incoteco Storage is Necessary for Development of Renewables Experience in Denmark & Germany shows: • That the threshold capacity of intermittent renewables is very low before… • …use of balancing capacity becomes significant • When balancing capacity is fossil, fuel and CO 2 savings are reduced Nuclear and ”clean coal” cannot be cycled 12

incoteco Storage is necessary for the development of off-shore wind - 1 Behaviour of wind farm offshore DK is certain offshore UK 13

incoteco Storage is necessary for the development of off-shore wind - 2 . . in 8 months winter 2004 - 2005 14

incoteco Preliminary Calculation (discounting other ancillary services) There seems to be a case! 15

incoteco 1. 2. 3. 4. Agree technical feasibility Agree economic feasibility Agree presentation documents Presentations to, dialogue with • • 5. 6. Next Steps National Grid OFGEM DTI Potential Investors “Go” – “No go”! If “go” – develop early cases on fully commercial grounds In modules of at least 5 MW or larger 16

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