Incidence of Early Neonatal Mortality and Morbidity After

Incidence of Early Neonatal Mortality and Morbidity After Late Preterm and Term Caesarian Delivery De Luca et al Pediatrics vol 123 no. 6 2009 Respiratory morbidity

Incidence of Early Neonatal Mortality and Morbidity After Late Preterm and Term Caesarian Delivery De Luca et al Pediatrics vol 123 no. 6 2009 Elective Cesarian vs Planned Vaginal Delivery

Getting evidence into obstetric practice; appropriate timing of caesarian section Nicholl and Cattell Australian Health review 2010, 34, 90 -92 • Aim: to reduce rate of term elective CS with no medical indication before 39 completed weeks, from 30% to 10% of all term elective CS (both private and public) over a 6 month period in 2007 • Method: multidisciplinary project formed to investigate the extent of the problem and work out the intervention which was essentially pre-emptive education of all midwifery and obstetric staff and provision of evidence folders in key clinical areas

Getting evidence into obstetric practice; appropriate timing of caesarian section Nicholl and Cattell Australian Health review 2010, 34, 90 -92

Prenatal Steroid Prophylaxis for Women Delivering at Late Preterm Gestation. Pediatrics. K S Joseph et al. November 2008 • • Looked at patterns of prenatal steroid use, RDS, and deaths from RDS in all live-born infants(USA and Nova Scotia) 3 cohorts all live-births in the USA 1989 -91, 1995 -97, 2002 -4 • Results • Deaths from RDS decreased in each time period for 28 -32 weeks, but not 33 -36 weeks in the last time period Steroid use in all preterms increased in the first time period then static (at 50% in under 32 weeks) with corresponding reduction in RDS (steroid use in 33 -36 weeks peaked at only 15% in 3 rd time period) Rates of induction and LSCS increased contributing to the documented increase in preterm birth rates Steroids could reduce RDS substantially at 33 -34 weeks gestation Recommend steroid prophylaxis at 33 -34 weeks gestation and consider at 35 -36 weeks gestation (These are of course very low rates across the board cf. UK/Australasia) • • •

Early discharge Among Late Preterm and Term Newborns and Risk of Neonatal Morbidity Tomashek et al Semin Perinatol 30 2006 • 1004 late preterm/ 24320 term infants • Vaginal delivery, discharge within 48 hours • Readmission, observational stays recorded for first 28 days of life • Late pre- terms almost twice as likely to be readmitted and 1. 5 times more likely to require subsequent hospital related care • Breast feeding late pre-terms more likely to have ↑ morbidity than non breast fed

Long Term Preterm Outcomes • Mc. Cormick. `Two possibilities require further elucidation. The first is that preterm delivery is as a result of, not a precursor to conditions resulting in significant disability. • ………The second possibility, especially for less severe disability is the post-discharge environment of the preterm infant.

Long term Outcome of the Late Preterm 2 Petrini J. Increased risk of Adverse Neurological Development for Late Preterm Infants J Ped Feb 2009

Long term Outcome of the Late Preterm 3 Moster D. Long Term Medical and Social Consequences of Preterm Birth N Eng J M 2008 359; 262273 • All infants born alive 1967 -1983 without congenital anomalies in Norway. Late preterm infants were more likely to have • Cerebral palsy 2. 7 times (95% CI 2. 2 -3. 3) • Intellectual Disability 1. 6 times (95% CI 1. 4 -1. 8) • Other Major disabilities (blindness, hearing loss, seizures) 1. 5 times ( (95%CI 1. 2 -1. 8) • Also schizophrenia, disorders of pschological development, behaviour, and emotion more common

Proportion of children with special educational needs Mac. Kay et al PLo. S Medicine 7(6): e 1000289. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pmed. 1000289

Prevalence, Stability, and Predictors of Clinically significant Behavioural Problems in LBW Children at 3, 5, and 8 years of age Gray et al Pediatrics 2004; 114; 736 -743 • 869/985 low birth weight infants studied as part of larger Infant Health and Development Program • 19 -21% of infants born at 34 -37 weeks gestation had clinically significant behavioural problems at 8 years • The rates were similar to those born in 31 -34 week and 25 -30 week gestation cohorts • This is double that expected in term infants • These rates remained stable over time

School Outcomes of Late Preterm infants: Special Needs and Challenges for infants born at 32 -36 Weeks Gestation 2 Lisa Chyl et al. J Pediatr. July 2008 • • • Results for late preterm infants(34 -36 wks) (adjusted for sex, race, maternal education) Lower reading scores to 1 st grade (p<0. 05) Poor reading and maths scores risk at 1 st grade (p<0. 05) Teacher evaluations for reading and maths worse (both p<0. 05) Special education participation higher in late preterm infants in early grades Some catch up in later grades (3 rd and 5 th) A gradient of outcome demonstrated with 32 -33 wks doing the worst. The study results have implications for directing resources in early childhood and early school ages

Morse S Paediatrics April 2009 Early School-age Outcomes of Late Preterm Infants

Estimates of the cost and length of stay changes that can be attributed to one-week increases in gestational age for premature infants Phibbs et al. Early Human Development(2006) 82 85 -95 • Estimated potential savings per one week increases in gestational age for pre-terms • California cohort data -all births 1998 -2000 • Mean $30, 145 at 33 wks (n=4, 719) $10, 535 at 34 wks (n=14, 541) $6, 007 at 35 wks (n=25, 077) $3, 444 at 36 weeks (n=44, 922)

Cardiovascular risk factors at age 30 following pre-term birth : Dalziel et al International J of Epidemiology 2007 • Low gestational age at birth ( but not birth weight) associated with increased adult BP and insulin resistance • At age 30 twice as many participants with diagnosed hypertension in the preterm group • 80% of the preterm group born at >32 weeks gestation

Late preterm birth increases hypertension in young adulthood All Swedish births 1973 -9 n = 636, 552 25 -37 years old Hypertensive prescription in year of study 23 -27 weeks 28 -32 weeks 33 -34 weeks 35 -36 weeks 37 -42 weeks ≥ 43 weeks unadjusted hypertensive prescription OR (95% CI) Crump et al Am J Epidemiol 2011; 173: 797 -803

Treatment perceptions for level 2 and level 3 Parent’s Perceptions of Illness Severity in high risk Newborns Stacey Brooks 1, Keith Petrie 1, Simon Rowley 2 1 Dept of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland 2 Nation women’s Health, ACH • Level 2 • Level 3 Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. Based on positive ranks **p<. 01; *p<0. 5

Morbidities in the Late Preterm Compared with term infants late preterm infants have higher rates of • Respiratory distress • Apnoea • Hypothermia • Hypoglycaemia • Feeding –nasogastric tubes, iv infusions • Sepsis evaluations • Jaundice, kernicterus • Hospital re-admissions • SIDS(2 times rate) Long term issues –development and behaviour - diabetes -heart disease, hypertension Mortality

Neonatal and 5 year outcomes after birth at 30 -34 weeks of gestation; Marret et al: Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110; 72 -80 • Regional study, large cohort (EPIPAGE study) born 1997 (2018 /2467 of 30 -34 weeks GA infants followed up, 1461 to 5 years)Medical and neuropsych assessment at 5 years • All adverse neonatal outcomes decreased with increasing gestational age • Cerebral palsy in -6. 3% at 30 weeks - 3. 7% at 33 weeks -0. 7% at 34 weeks • 25% at 33 or 34 weeks had mild to severe cognitive impairment (> 2 x general pop)

School Outcomes of Late Preterm infants: Special Needs and Challenges for infants born at 32 -36 Weeks Gestation 1 Lisa Chyl et al. J Pediatr. July 2008 • Data from the Early childhood Longitudinal Study -Kindergarten cohort • 2 cohorts out of 970 preterm infants (32 -33 wks, 34 -36 wks compared with 13, 671 term controls • Test scores, teacher evaluations, and special education enrolments from kindergarten compared • Testing hypothesis that infants born in USA at 32 -36 weeks gestation without significant neonatal complications had higher rates of learning difficulties than term classmates

Cardiovascular risk factors at age 30 following pre-term birth : Dalziel et al International J of Epidemiology 2007 • 458/988 30 year olds from RCT of antenatal steroids (Liggins and Howie 1972) • 147 born at term, 311 born preterm • Aim to look at influence of gestational age and fetal growth (birth weight z scores) on • systemic BP • fasting cholesterol, TG, cortisol • insulin, glucose following oral GTT

Long term Outcome of the Late Preterm 2 Petrini J. Increased risk of Adverse Neurological Development for Late Preterm Infants J Ped Feb 2009 • Californian retrospective study using hospital databases • Decreasing gestational age associated with increasing risk of cerebral palsy, developmental delay and mental retardation • Late preterm 3 times more likely to have cerebral palsy. Modest increased risk of intellectual disability and developmental delay OR 1. 25 (1. 01 -1. 54)

Reproduction by gestational age at birth in women and men born in 1967 -1976 Swamy et al, JAMA 2008; 299(12): 1429

Long term Outcome of the Late Preterm 1 Morse S Paediatrics April 2009 Early School-age Outcomes of Late Preterm Infants • Born in Florida 1996 -7 at 34 -41 weeks. (n=15, 2661) • Exclusion of babies who stayed more than 3 days, multiples, cong abnormalities and transfers ( ie a ‘healthy’ population) • Late preterms compared to terms had risk of developmental delay or disability • 4. 3% versus 3% -early childhood • 4. 5% vs 3. 9% -prekindergarten at 3 yrs • 7. 4% vs 6. 6% -pre -school at 5 yrs

Infants need to actively maintain a FRC. Compliance decreases with increasing gestational age

Cardiovascular risk factors at age 30 following pre-term birth : Dalziel et al International J of Epidemiology 2007 • Conclusion: Adults born moderately preterm have increased BP and insulin resistance. Preterm birth rather than poor fetal growth is the major determinant of this.

Short Term Outcomes of Infants Born at 35 and 36 Weeks Gestation: We Need to Ask More Questions. Escobar et al. Semin Perinatol 30: 28 -33 2006 Reviewed existing published data quantifying short term hospital outcomes of 35 -36 weeks gestation (death, resp distress requiring support, rehospitalisation) At 35 -36 weeks infants 8% supplemental oxygen (3 x term rate) Mortality 0. 8% Re-hospitalisation rates higher ( only significant at 36 weeks)

Feeding Problems of Late Preterms Ø Suck – ineffective Ø Latch – difficult q May benefit from nipple shield Ø Does not open mouth wide with stimulus Ø Abnormal tongue movements Ø Can’t attain grasp Ø Low suck frequency Ø Can’t sustain negative pressure q Insufficient suckling to initiate milk ejection response q Doesn’t nurse long enough to provide sufficient flow to constitute a complete feed. Ø Behavioural states less defined q Tires easily q Quiet or active alert q Crying, deep sleep q Light or active sleep, drowsy

Breast feeding rates in the late preterm Merewood, A, Brooks, D, Bauchner, H, et al. Maternal birthplace and breastfeeding initiation among term and preterm infants: a statewide assessment for Massachusetts. Pediatrics 2006; 118: e 1048. • Singleton breastfeeding initiation rates • -63% 24 -31 wks • -70% 32 -37 wks • -77% term • Decreasing rates with decreasing prematurity

Decreased expiratory flow in infants who were healthy late preterms Colin et al Pediatrics 2010; 126: 115 -128

Cost of the late preterm The Cost of Prematurity: Quantification by Gestational Age and Birth Weight. Gilbert et al Obstet Gynecol Sept 2003 • • • Increasing length of stay and cost. . At 34 wks LOS 5. 9 days, cost $7200 At 35 wks LOS 3. 9 days, cost $4200 At 36 wks LOS 2. 8 days cost $2600 This trend continues with increasing gestation so that at 38 weeks, LOS is 1. 8 days and cost is $1100 • Frequency of complications • Medical outcomes a hidden cost • Hospital readmission rates 2 -3 fold higher than full term

Background • Clinician’s perceptions of illness structured around NICU education, NICU experience, peer network of other health professionals -are likely to be more objective than lay perceptions • There is likely mismatch between parent and physician perception of illness severity • In adults it has been shown that illness severity perception may have significant effect on adjustment and recovery from a health condition

Implications • Clinicians should be aware that parents’ views of their infants’ illness are likely to be significantly more negative than their own assessments. This may lead to miscommunications. • This is more likely with the less sick level 2 infants • Currently more clinician time is spent talking with parents of the sicker level 3 infants • This study suggests that clinicians consider increasing communication with parents of the less sick infants

Perinatal Outcomes Associated with Preterm Birth at 33 to 36 Weeks’ Gestation: A Population-Based Cohort Study : Khasu et al Pediatrics 2009; 123 • British Columbia Perinatal Database Registry accessed • All singleton births from 33 -40 weeks gestation 1999 -2002 • Mortality and morbidity data compared between 33 -36 wks(n=6, 381) and term(n=88, 867) groups • Stilbirth, perinatal, neonatal, and infant mortality rates significantly higher in the late preterm group • Late preterms had significantly higher incidence of respiratory morbidity and infection

Risk factors for the Development of RDS and TTN in Newborn Infants –Dani et al. Eur Resp J; 199; 14; 155 -159

Illness perceptions of level 2 and level 3 mothers Parent’s Perceptions of Illness Severity in high risk Newborns Stacey Brooks 1, Keith Petrie 1, Simon Rowley 2 1 Dept of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland 2 Nation women’s Health, ACH Mann Whitney U test **p<. 01; * p<. 05

Parent’s Perceptions of Illness Severity in high risk Newborns Stacey Brooks 1, Keith Petrie 1, Simon Rowley 2 1 Dept of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland 2 Nation women’s Health, ACH

Re-admission of the late Preterm • Rates 2 -3 times higher than term infants • 3 -5 times more likely to be be admitted in 1 st 15 days after discharge from maternity • Causes include jaundice, feeding difficulties, poor weight gain, dehydration, and apnoea • For late readmissions bronchiolitis and gastroenteritis are most common

Kernicterus in Late Preterm Infants Cared for as Term Healthy Infants. Bhutani, Semin Perinatol 2006; 30: 89 -97

Perinatal Outcomes Associated with Preterm Birth at 33 to 36 Weeks’ Gestation: A Population-Based Cohort Study : Khasu et al Pediatrics 2009; 123