INBU 4200 INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Lecture 5 Topic: Quoting Currencies
Defining The Foreign Exchange Market n The Foreign Exchange Market Performs Three Important Functions: n (1) Generates of exchange. q q n (2) Facilitates the conversion of one currency into another. q q n The ratio of one currency to another. These determine costs and returns to global businesses. Through the buying and selling of currencies. Allows global firms to move in and out of foreign currency as needed. (3) Offers contracts to manage foreign exchange exposure. q q These hedging contracts allow global firms to offset foreign currency exposures. Thus, they can concentrate on their core business.
Who Provides These Important FX Functions? n Large global banks (e. g. , HSBC, UBS, Citibank) acting on behalf of: q Their “external” clients” (primarily global firms) n n n q Global banks also trade for their own “internal” bank accounts to generate profits for their banks. n n n Acting in a broker capacity at the request of their clients. Meeting foreign currency business needs of their clients, including Exporters, importers, multinational firms, hedge funds, etc… Acting in a “dealer” (i. e. , trader) capacity Taking positions in currencies to make a profit. In meeting the needs of their clients and their own internal trading, these global banks “establish” the “tone” of the market. n n n This is through the “market maker” function, whereby they: Quote prices to other parties and Commit to buying and selling currencies at their quoted prices.
Making the Market in FX n n The market maker function of any global bank involves two primary activities: (1) Willingness of the market maker to provide the market with “on-going” (i. e. , continuous) two way quotes upon request: q q n (1) Provide a price at which they will buy a currency (2) Provide a price at which they will sell a currency n This function provides the market with transparency (2) Willingness of the market maker to actually buy and/or sell at the prices they quote: q Thus the market maker offers “firm” prices into the market! n This function provides the market with liquidity.
How Do Market Makers Quote Currencies? n n We already know from a previous discussion of two possible ways of quoting currencies: European Terms Quote: q q n American Terms Quote: q q n Number of foreign currency units per 1 U. S. dollar. 119 yen to the dollar U. S. dollars and cents per 1 unit of the foreign currency $1. 3100 to one Euro Which quote is used? q q q American terms quoted currencies historically related to nondecimal currencies (i. e. , the pound, Australian and New Zealand dollar). Also by government decision, i. e. , the Euro. ECB decided to quote the currency in American terms. The majority of the world’s currencies are quoted in European terms, while the majority of the world’s major currencies are quoted in American terms.
ISO Currency Designations n All foreign currencies are assigned an International Standards Organization (ISO) abbreviation. q q n n E. g. , USD; JPY; GBP; EUR; CNY; HKD; MXN; AUD; ZAR For individual countries please see: http: //www. oanda. com/site/help/iso_code. shtml Since the exchange rate is simply the ratio (i. e. , value) of one currency against another, market makers express this relationship using the two currencies’ ISO designations. For Example: q q q USD/JPY USD/MXN EUR/USD GBP/USD EUR/JPY (this is a cross rate)
Base and Quote Currency n Since a foreign exchange quote is simply the ratio of one currency to another, a “complete” market maker quote must have two ISO designations (e. g. , EUR/USD or USD/JPY): q q The first ISO currency quoted is called the base currency. The second ISO currency quoted is called the quote currency. n For examples above: q q EUR/USD: EUR is the base currency and USD is the quote currency. USD/JPY: USD is the base currency and JPY is the quote currency.
Bid and Ask Quotes n n Recall that a market maker always provides the market with two prices, both a buy and sell quote (or price) for the currency. For Example: EUR/USD: 1. 2102/1. 2106 q q q The first number quoted by the market maker is the market maker’s buy price ($1. 2102). It is called the market maker’s bid quote (or buy price) The second quoted number is the market marker’s sell price ($1. 2106). It is called the market maker’s ask quote (or sell price) Note: The bid quote is always lower than the ask quote.
What Currency is The Market Maker Buyin and Selling? n Given the example: EUR/USD: 1. 2102/1. 2106, which currency is the market maker selling and which currency is the market maker buying? q q Answer: Market makers are always quoting prices at which they will buy or sell the base currency (against the quote currency). So in the above example: n The market maker will buy euros for $1. 2102 q n This is the bid price for euros. The market maker will sell euros for $1. 2106 q This is the ask price for euros.
Another FX Quote Example n Assume the following USD/JPY: 110. 12/110. 20 q Note: Now the base currency is the dollar and the quote currency in the yen, thus q The market maker will buy dollars at ¥ 110. 12 n q The market maker will sell dollars at ¥ 110. 20 n n This is the bid price for dollars. This is the ask price for dollars. Note Again: Regardless of the type of quote (American terms or European terms), the ask price is always higher than the bid.
Summary thus far and “Pips” n Recall that the currency that is located in the front of the ISO pair (e. g. , EUR/USD) is called the base currency. q n n When the bid and ask prices are moving up, that means that the base currency is getting stronger and the quote currency is getting weaker. Currencies are usually quoted to four decimal places, such as the Euro/US Dollar trading at 1. 2400/1. 2403, with the last decimal place referred to as a point or "pip". q n You should assign a value of 1 to it. For example, if you see a market maker ask price for the EUR/USD of 1. 2811, that means that if you were to buy one Euro (the base currency) you are going pay $1. 2811. Or if you see a market maker bid price for the USD/JPY of 120. 10 that means if you were to sell one dollar (the base currency) you are going to get 120. 10 for it. A pip for most currencies is 0. 0001 of an exchange rate; the one exception is the USD/JPY quote in which each pip is equal to 0. 01. Currency changes and currency spread (between bid and ask prices) are measured, and reported in “pips. ” So for the EUR/USD quote, 1. 2400/1. 2403 this represents a spread of 3 pips and if the EUR bid goes from 1. 2400 to 1. 2410, this represents a change in the euro (strengthening) of 10 pips.
Viewing the Quote from Other than the Market Maker n n Assume you are a corporate client and you receive the following GBP/USD quote from a market maker bank: 1. 8020/1. 8050 Assume you need to buy pounds from the market maker. q q n What would you pay (in dollars) for each pound? You would pay the ask price, or $1. 8050 for each pound Assume you wanted to sell pounds to the market maker. q q What would you get (in dollars) for each pound sold? You would get the bid price, or $1. 8020 for each pound.
Viewing the Quote from Other than the Market Maker: Another Example n Assume you are a corporate client and you receive the following USD/JPY quote from a market maker bank: 112. 50/112. 75 Recall: now the base currency is the dollar. Assume you want to buy dollars from the market maker. q n q What would you pay in yen for each dollar? You would pay the ask price, or 112. 75 for each dollar. Assume you want to sell dollars to the market maker. q n q You would get the bid price, or 112. 50 for each dollar. Remember: The market maker is always buying or selling the base currency (against the quote currency). q n What would you get in yen for each dollar sold?
Let’s Look at Real Time Currency Quotes n Go to the following web-site: q n http: //www. fxstreet. com/nou/graph/streamingchart. asp At this site, go to: q Live Currency Rates (U. S. Dollar/Major currencies) n n n Observe ISO quotes (look at EUR/USD and USD/JPY). Observe bid and ask quotes. Observe what currency and at what price the market maker is buying or selling (base currency). Observe what price you (a non-market maker) would buy or sell the base currency to the market maker. Observe changes in bid and ask quotes. q q n If these are going up, the base currency is strengthening and the quote currency is weakening. Reverse is true if these are going down. Note: Reported change in the currency (base currency) is the bid price change in “pips” from the previous day. Another site: http: //www. forextrading. com/
How are Some Currencies Quoted? n n n n Euro: EUR/USD British Pound: GBP/USD Australian Dollar: AUD/USD New Zealand Dollar: NZD/USD Swedish Krona: Norwegian Kroner: Israeli Shekel: Danish Krone: Russian Ruble: Yen: USD/JPY Malaysian Ringgit: Swiss Franc USD/CHF Korean Won: Canadian Dollar: USD/CAD Indian Rupee: Mexican Peso: USD/MXN Philippine Peso: Hong Kong Dollar: USD/HKD Argentina Peso: Singapore Dollar: USD/SGD Brazilian Real: USD/BRL South African Rand: USD/ZAR Thai Baht: USD/THB USD/SEK USD/KOR USD/ILS USD/DKK USD/RUB USD/MYR USD/KRW USD/INR USD/PHP USD/ARS Note: American terms quoted currencies use the foreign currency as the base currency and European terms quoted currencies use the U. S. dollar as the base currency.
FX Spreads to Market Maker Banks n Recall, that all market makers provide both a bid (i. e. , buy) and an ask (i. e. , sell) quote for a currency. q q n The difference between the bid and ask price is the spread to the market maker. This represents the market maker’s “profit” from executing a “round” transaction (i. e. , an equal buy and sell for a currency). Assume the following GBP/USD quote: 1. 7921/1. 7929 q What is the spread in pips? n q Answer: 9 – 1 = 8 pips What is the spread to the market maker on a “round” transaction (assume 10 million pound transactions)? n n n Ask $1. 7929 x £ 10, 000 = $17, 929, 000 (price to sell pounds) Bid $1. 7921 x £ 10, 000 = $17, 921, 000 (price to buy pounds) Spread (Commission) = $ 8, 000 (on round transaction)
Observations About Bid/Ask Spreads n n n Bid/ask spreads increase with exchange rate volatility. Bid/ask spreads decrease with increases in market maker competition. Bid/ask spreads larger in retail market than in wholesale (i. e. , interbank) market. q q n Bid/ask spreads will differ slightly among markets. q n Wholesale market: global bank to global bank Retail market: bank to customer (client of bank) As market makers attempt to adjust their positions. Typical spreads for major currencies are 2 to 4 pips.
Quotes According to Delivery Time Period n Spot Quote: Quote for “immediate” transactions. q Actual delivery will take place at the end of 2 business days. n n n Saturday and Sunday are not business days There may be a one day delivery depending upon the location (e. g. , between Canada and the U. S. , or within Europe). Forward Quote: Quote for more than 3 business day transactions. q Actual delivery to take place at the end of 3 business days or more from now.
Forward Foreign Exchange Market and Ra n This market involves contracting today for the future purchase or sale of foreign exchange. q q Forward rates are quoted today by market makers. As with spot rates, forward rates are two way quotes, or bid and ask prices. n n n Bid at which they will buy the base currency in the future. Ask at which they will sell the base currency in the future. Forward rates can be: q q q Worth more than the spot rate (premium) Worth less than the spot rate (discount) Equal to the spot rate (flat)
Examples of Spot and Forward Rates September 8, 2004 February 6, 2006 n n American Terms q U. K. (Pound) n 1 month forward $1. 7867 $1. 7818 European Terms q Japan (Yen) 109. 30 1 month forward 109. 13 $1. 7471 $1. 7472 118. 60 119. 02 n Was the pound selling at a forward discount or premium in 2004 and 2006? What about the yen? n Sources of spot and forward quotes: q http: //online. wsj. com/public/us and http: //www. ozforex. com/cgi- bin/spotrates. asp
Review and Illustration of FX Quote n For a review and illustration of the foreign exchange quote process please link to the following on my web site: q n n Foreign Exchange Illustration. This illustration will work you through the quote and base currency and the bid and ask price as set by market makers. It will also demonstrate the meaning of these quotes from the client side of the transaction
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