
d61fbd950f9747ea355c119c86ed50ef.ppt
- Количество слайдов: 83
In 1902, Texas voters approved of a poll tax that disenfranchised many poor whites and blacks and further limited the possible thirdparty challenges to Democratic hegemony. The Texas legislature passed many Jim Crow laws, mandating, for example, segregated railroad facilities. Soon Texas, like many southern states, had erected an elaborate legal code that racially segregated public and private facilities. p. 240.
A history of U. S. intervention in Latin America by each of the major occurrences: 1823: The Monroe Doctrine declares Latin America to be in the United States' "sphere of influence. " 1846: The U. S. causes war with Mexico and acquires half of its territory, including Texas and California. 1855: U. S. adventurer William Walker invades Nicaragua with a private army, declares himself president, and rules for 2 years. 1898: The U. S. declares war on Spain beginning the Spanish-American War, and as a result it gets Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Hawaii. 1901: With the Platt Amendment, the U. S. declares its rights to intervene in Cuban affairs. 1903: The U. S. encourages Panama's independence from Colombia in order to acquire the Panama Canal rights. 1905: The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine declares the U. S. to be the policeman of the Caribbean; the Dominican Republic is placed under a customs receivership. 1912: U. S. Marines invade Nicaragua and occupy the country almost continuously until 1933. 1914: Mexican refusal to salute the U. S. flag provokes the shelling of Veracruz by a U. S. battleship and the capture of parts of the city by U. S. Marines. 1933: U. S. Marines finally leave Nicaragua, but are replaced by a well-trained and well-armed National Guard under the control of Anastasio Somoza. 1954: The CIA engineers the overthrow of the democratically-elected government of Guatemala; 30 years of military dictatorship, repression, and violence follow. 1961: The U. S. attempts to overthrow the revolutionary Cuban government at the Bay of Pigs. 1965: Johnson sends 22, 000 troops to the Dominican Republic to combat the constitutional forces trying to regain power. 1973: The CIA helps overthrow the democratic government of Allende in Chile in favor of a bloody dictatorship. 1981: The Reagan Administration begins the war against Nicaragua. 1983: The U. S. invades Grenada to take over a popular government. 1989: The U. S. invades Panama to arrest accused drug dealer Manual Noriega. 1990: The U. S. intervenes in the Nicaraguan election process through covert and overt means.
U. S. Intervention in the Middle East 1947 -48: U. S. backs Palestine partition plan. Israel established. U. S. declines to press Israel to allow expelled Palestinians to return. 1949: CIA backs military coup deposing elected government of Syria. 1953: CIA helps overthrow the democratically‑elected Mossadeq government in Iran (which had nationalized the British oil company) leading to a quarter‑century of repressive and dictatorial rule by the Shah, Mohammed Reza Pahlevi. 1956: U. S. cuts off promised funding for Aswan Dam in Egypt after Egypt receives Eastern bloc arms. 1956: Israel, Britain, and France invade Egypt. U. S. does not support invasion, but the involvement of its NATO allies severely diminishes Washington's reputation in the region. 1958: U. S. troops land in Lebanon to preserve "stability". early 1960 s: U. S. unsuccessfully attempts assassination of Iraqi leader, Abdul Karim Qassim. 1963: U. S. supports coup by Iraqi Ba'ath party (soon to be headed by Saddam Hussein) and reportedly gives them names of communists to murder, which they do with vigor. 1967‑: U. S. blocks any effort in the Security Council to enforce SC Resolution 242, calling for Israeli withdrawal from territories occupied in the 1967 war. 1970: Civil war between Jordan and PLO. Israel and U. S. discuss intervening on side of Jordan if Syria backs PLO. 1972: U. S. blocks Egyptian leader Anwar Sadat's efforts to reach a peace agreement with Israel. 1973: Airlifted U. S. military aid enables Israel to turn the tide in war with Syria and Egypt. 1973‑ 75: U. S. supports Kurdish rebels in Iraq. When Iran reaches an agreement with Iraq in 1975 and seals the border, Iraq slaughters Kurds and U. S. denies them refuge. Kissinger secretly explains that "covert action should not be confused with missionary work. " 1975: U. S. vetoes Security Council resolution condemning Israeli attacks on Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon. 5 1978‑ 79: Iranians begin demonstrations against the Shah. U. S. tells Shah it supports him "without reservation" and urges him to act forcefully. Until the last minute, U. S. tries to organize military coup to save the Shah, but to no avail. 6 1979‑ 88: U. S. begins covert aid to Mujahideen in Afghanistan six months before Soviet invasion in Dec. 1979. 7 Over the next decade U. S. provides training and more than $3 billion in arms and aid. 1980‑ 88: Iran‑Iraq war. When Iraq invades Iran, the U. S. opposes any Security Council action to condemn the invasion. U. S. soon removes Iraq from its list of nations supporting terrorism and allows U. S. arms to be transferred to Iraq. At the same time, U. S. lets Israel provide arms to Iran and in 1985 U. S. provides arms directly (though secretly) to Iran. U. S. provides intelligence information to Iraq uses chemical weapons in 1984; U. S. restores diplomatic relations with Iraq. 1987 U. S. sends its navy into the Persian Gulf, taking Iraq's side; an overly‑aggressive U. S. ship shoots down an Iranian civilian airliner, killing 290. 1981, 1986: U. S. holds military maneuvers off the coast of Libya in waters claimed by Libya with the clear purpose of provoking Qaddafi. In 1981, a Libyan plane fires a missile and U. S. shoots down two Libyan planes. In 1986, Libya fires missiles that land far from any target and U. S. attacks Libyan patrol boats, killing 72, and shore installations. When a bomb goes off in a Berlin nightclub, killing three, the U. S. charges that Qaddafi was behind it (possibly true) and conducts major bombing raids in Libya, killing dozens of civilians, including Qaddafi's adopted daughter. 8 1982: U. S. gives "green light" to Israeli invasion of Lebanon, 9 killing some 17 thousand civilians. 10 U. S. chooses not to invoke its laws prohibiting Israeli use of U. S. weapons except in self‑defense. U. S. vetoes several Security Council resolutions condemning the invasion. 1983: U. S. troops sent to Lebanon as part of a multinational peacekeeping force; intervene on one side of a civil war, including bombardment by USS New Jersey. Withdraw after suicide bombing of marine barracks. 1984: U. S. ‑backed rebels in Afghanistan fire on civilian airliner. 11 1987 -92: U. S. arms used by Israel to repress first Palestinian Intifada. U. S. vetoes five Security Council resolution condemning Israeli repression. 1988: Saddam Hussein kills many thousands of his own Kurdish population and uses chemical weapons against them. The U. S.
The English philosopher Herbert Spencer relied on theories of evolution to explain differences between the strong and the weak: successful individuals and races had competed better in the natural world and consequently evolved to higher states than did other less fit peoples. On the basis of this reasoning, Spencer and others justified the domination of European imperialists over subject peoples as the inevitable result of natural scientific principles. (B & Z, p. 960. ) Herbert Spencer (1820 -1903)
The first step towards lightening the White Man’s Burden is through teaching the virtues of cleanliness. Pears’ Soap is a potent factor in brightening the dark corners of the earth as civilization advances, while amongst the cultured of all nations it holds the highest place-it is the ideal toilet soap.
José Martí
The U. S. S. Maine Teddy Roosevelt’s charge up San Juan Hill
Steam shovels digging the Panama Canal In 1878 Ferdinand de Lesseps, the French engineer who built the Suez Canal, began to dig a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, which was then part of Colombia. Tropical disease and engineering problems halted construction on the canal, but a French business (the New Panama Canal Company) still held the rights to the project. Roosevelt agreed to pay $40 million for the rights, and he began to negotiate with Colombia for control of the land. He offered $10 million for a fifty-mile strip across the isthmus. Colombia refused. "We were dealing with a government of irresponsible bandits, " Roosevelt stormed. "I was prepared to. . . at once occupy the Isthmus anyhow, and proceed to dig the canal. But I deemed it likely that there would be a revolution in Panama soon. " Teddy was right. The chief engineer of the New Panama Canal Company organized a local revolt. Roosevelt immediately sent the battleship Nashville and a detachment of marines to Panama to support the new government. The rebels gladly accepted Roosevelt's $10 million offer, and they gave the United States complete control of a ten-mile wide canal zone. Panama Canal: Culebra Cut, c. 1910 -1920
Emilio Aguinaldo My nation cannot remain indifferent in view of such violent and aggressive seizure of a portion of its territory by a nation which has arrogated to itself the title: champion of oppressed nations. -- Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, 1898
In the insurgent trenches
Sgt. Clement C. Jones captured a Filipino flag
Philippine insurgents fighting in the undergrowth
Philippine insurgent troops in the suburbs of Manila
Philippine insurgents were mostly from the Tagalo race which inhabited northern Luzon
Bridge at Malabon showing the damage done by Philippine insurgents
Insurgent army surrendering to General Frederick D. Grant in the Philippine Islands
"War Photography. " U. S. troops and Filipino women. The Philippine War was one of the nation's first conflicts covered by photojournalists, who published their pictures in daily newspapers and sold them to the public as souvenirs.
Filipinos Retreat from Trenches, June 5, 1899
American troops on the ramparts at Manila, c. 1898 -1901
Filipino casualties on the first day of war.
The U. S. -Filipino War claimed the lives of 4, 200 American soldiers, fifteen thousand rebel troops, and some two hundred thousand Filipino civilians.
La Zafra (Sugar Harvest)
Inside the sugar mill
Gambling
Night Clubs Prostitution
Fulgencio Batista
Fidel Castro
Ernesto “Che” Guevara
On January 1, 1959, abandoned by his American allies, Batista and his closest aids fled the country. Soon thereafter, Castro enters Havana victoriously.
Bay of Pigs (Bahía de Cochinos)
Ater Colombia refused to accept T. R. 's offer to purchase the Panamanian Canal Zone, T. R. encouraged the indepedence movement in the rogue Colombian province of Panama. Later, Colombia accused the United States of stealing their territory without remuneration.
Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists A"Boxer" with clenched fist upraised
Boxers in action on horseback
U. S. Troops marching to Beijing.
British Troops
Japanese troops marching on Tientsin
Russian Troops in China
Combat scene - Marines on bridge fire at onrushing Boxers
Combat scene - Marines on bridge fire at onrushing Boxers and Imperial troops
U. S. Navy Unit with machine gun. U. S. Marines in Beijing Marine detachment Railroad train with troops and cannon
Marine International gun "Betsy"
Allied artillery fire on Beijing
Dead Chinese outside destroyed wall gate of Tientsin
Dead Chinese Boxer
Marine squad
Marines in formation in Beijing
Allies march in Peking Forbidden City
Allies final victory march in Beijing
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi born Oct. 26, 1919, Tehrn, Iran died July 27, 1980, Cairo, Egypt Shah of Iran (1941– 79), noted for his pro. Western orientation and autocratic rule. After an education in Switzerland, he replaced his father, Reza Shah Pahlavi, as ruler when the latter was forced into exile by the British. His rule was marked by a power struggle with his premier, Mohammad Mosaddeq, who briefly succeeded in deposing him in 1953; covert intervention by British and U. S. intelligence services returned him to the throne the next year. His program of rapid modernization and oil-field development initially brought him popular support, but his autocratic style and suppression of dissent, along with corruption and the unequal distribution of Iran's new oil wealth, increased opposition led by exiled cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. In 1979 Pahlavi was forced into exile.
Number of American military personnel dead: 58, 000. Number of South Vietnamese dead: 300, 000. Number of North Vietnamese dead: 1, 000. Cost of the Vietnam War in American dollars: $200 billion.
October 29, 2004 CASUALTIES Study Puts Iraqi Deaths of Civilians at 100, 000 By ELISABETH ROSENTHAL, International Herald Tribune PARIS, Oct. 28 - An estimated 100, 000 civilians have died in Iraq as a direct or indirect consequence of the March 2003 United States-led invasion, according to a new study by a research team at the Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Coming just five days before the presidential election the finding is certain to generate intense controversy, since it is far higher than previous mortality estimates for the Iraq conflict. Editors of The Lancet, the London-based medical publication, where an article describing the study is scheduled to appear, decided not to wait for the normal publication date next week, but to place the research online Friday, apparently so it could circulate before the election. The Bush administration has not estimated civilian casualties from the conflict, and independent groups have put the number at most in the tens of thousands. In the study, teams of researchers led by Dr. Les Roberts fanned out across Iraq in mid-September to interview nearly 1, 000 families in 33 locations. Families were interviewed about births and deaths in the household before and after the invasion. Although the authors acknowledge that data collection was difficult in what is effectively still a war zone, the data they managed to collect is extensive. Using what they described as the best sampling methods that could be applied under the circumstances, they found that Iraqis were 2. 5 times more likely to die in the 17 months following the invasion than in the 14 months before it. Before the invasion, the most common causes of death in Iraq were heart attacks, strokes and chronic diseases. Afterward, violent death was far ahead
Iraq death toll 'soared post-war' Poor planning, air strikes by coalition forces and a "climate of violence" have led to more than 100, 000 extra deaths in Iraq, scientists claim. A study published by the Lancet says the risk of death by violence for civilians in Iraq is now 58 times higher than before the US-led invasion. Unofficial estimates of civilian deaths had varied from 10, 000 to over 37, 000. The Lancet admits the research is based on a small sample - under 1, 000 homes - but says the findings are "convincing". Responding to the Lancet article, a Pentagon spokesman defended coalition action in Iraq. 'Precise fashion' "This conflict has been prosecuted in the most precise fashion of any conflict in the history of modern warfare", he said. UK foreign secretary Jack Straw said his government would examine the findings "with very great care". But he told BBC's Today that another independent estimate of civilian deaths was around 15, 000. The Iraq Body Count, a respected database run by a group of academics and peace activists, has put the number of reported civilian deaths at between 14, 000 -16, 000.
Discretionay Budget, FY 2004 The following pie chart shows federal discretionary spending in fiscal year 2004. The discretionary budget refers to the part of the federal budget which Congress debates and decides every year. This part of the budget constitutes more than one-third of total federal spending. The remainder of the federal budget is 'mandatory spending. ' Fiscal year 2004 runs from October 1, 2003 to September 30, 2004.
World Military Spending, 2003 The following pie indicates the top 10 countries' share in world military spending, which in 2003 totaled almost $880 billion. The figures, compiled by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute are compared in constant (2000) prices and market exchange rates. The top ten spenders made up 76% of all military spending in the world, while the U. S. alone made up almost half. The top 15 spenders (including Russia, India, Israel, Turkey and Brazil) made up 82% of all military spending.
Military, Homeland Security and Non-Military Security Tools, FY 2005 (in billions of dollars) The graph below indicates the level of military spending, homeland security, and nonmilitary security tools. More than seven times as much money is spent on military as on homeland all other non-security tools combined.
Total Federal Spending, FY 2004 The following pie chart illustrates total federal spending (in outlays) for fiscal year 2004. Fiscal year 2004 runs from October 1, 2003 to September 30, 2004.
CIA, Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual - 1983 Part I (pp. 1 -67) - Part II (pp. 68 -124) This secret manual was compiled from sections of the KUBARK guidelines, and from U. S. Military Intelligence field manuals written in the mid 1960 s as part of the Army's Foreign Intelligence Assistance Program codenamed "Project X. " The manual was used in numerous Latin American countries as an instructional tool by CIA and Green Beret trainers between 1983 and 1987 and became the subject of executive session Senate Intelligence Committee hearings in 1988 because of human rights abuses committed by CIA-trained Honduran military units. The manual allocates considerable space to the subject of "coercive questioning" and psychological and physical techniques. The original text stated that "we will be discussing two types of techniques, coercive and non-coercive. While we do not stress the use of coercive techniques, we do want to make you aware of them. " After Congress began investigating human rights violations by U. S. -trained Honduran intelligence officers, that passage was hand edited to read "while we deplore the use of coercive techniques, we do want to make you aware of them so that you may avoid them. " Although the manual advised methods of coercion similar to those used in the Abu Ghraib prison by U. S. forces, it also carried a prescient observation: "The routine use of torture lowers the moral caliber of the organization that uses it and corrupts those that rely on it…. "
MAP 34. 4 Imperialism and migration during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. • Page: 957