Improving Governance and Combating Corruption: The Evolving World Bank Approach & The Role of E-Government Presented to: Presented by: Info. Dev Day IFC Room L-103 Washington, DC June 7, 2006 Sanjay Pradhan Director Public Sector Governance Board The World Bank
Poor Governance and Corruption Pose Three Risks Development Effectiveness Risk Poor governance and corruption will be impediments to development in general and in donor-supported projects Reputational Risk That large amounts of aid in countries with corrupt leaders will tarnish donors’ reputation The World Bank Fiduciary Risk That donor resources will be not be used for the purposes intended Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 2
Overarching emphasis Help countries improve governance systems to achieve development goals & mitigate risks The World Bank Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 3
Governance & Anti-Corruption Not the same thing! Governance The manner in which the State acquires and exercises its authority to provide public goods & services Corruption Use of public office for private gain • Corruption is an outcome – a consequence of the failure of accountability relationships in the governance system • Poor delivery of services and weak investment climate are other outcomes of bad governance • Governance is the door to anticorruption, and the broad overarching framework for donor engagement The World Bank Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 4
Strengthening Governance Systems: Balancing Supply & Demand Supply-side Strengthen the state’s bureaucratic capability – leadership, skills, human resource & financial management systems – to deliver public goods and services The World Bank Demand-side Strengthen accountability arrangements – elections, political parties, effective parliaments, independent judiciary, free press, vibrant civil society, accountable local governments – that enable citizens and firms to hold state institutions to account Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 5
Governance System Actors, Capacities & Accountability Citizens/Firms Political Governance • Political Parties • Competition, transparency Formal Oversight Institutions • Parliament • Judiciary • Oversight institutions Cross-cutting Control Agencies (Finance, HR) Civil Society & Private Sector • Civil Society Watchdogs • Media • Business Associations Citizens/Firms Executive-Central Govt Service Delivery & Regulatory Agencies Subnational Govt & Communities Outcomes: Services, Regulations, Corruption Citizens/Firms The World Bank Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 6
Transparency Initiatives Transparency: Formal Oversight Institutions • Parliament • Judiciary • Oversight institutions Transparency: • Fiscal transparency (central & local budgets) • Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys (PETS) Political Governance • Political Parties • Competition, transparency Transparency: • Free press • Freedom of information • Citizen Report Cards Executive-Central Govt Civil Society & Media Cross-cutting Control Agencies (Finance, HR) Service Delivery & Regulatory Agencies Subnational Govt & Communities Private Sector Interface Citizens/Firms • Parliamentary votes • Income & Assets • Campaign contributions Citizens/Firms Transparency: • ‘Blacklisting’ firms bribing in public procurement • E*procurement: transparency (web) & competition • Financial status of Banks • EITI; Co. ST Citizens/Firms The World Bank Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 7
How Can E-Government Help Government Systems & Performance Greater transparency and less corruption: Publishing information, publishing decision outcome, on line tracking of applications, automation to minimize discretion Improved public sector management: Treasury, IFMS, publishing financial data, modernizing/computerizing government infrastructure & processes Convenient and affordable services to citizens: one stop service centers for on-line delivery, Rural telecenters; land title, on-line municipal services Private Sector Investment Climate: Transparent & competitive procurement, business-registration, licenses, land, customs and tax agencies The World Bank Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 8
Chile’s Internet-based Public Procurement: Transparency and Competition v All supplier companies register, indicating areas of business (e. g. , IT, construction, furniture) v Public agencies submit tenders through internet v Automatic e-mail to all companies in selected area v Online information on name, position of official incharge v Online information on results: who participated, proposals made, scores received, who won bid, historical record of agency’s purchases and contracts The World Bank Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 9
The Powerful Role of Media in Transparency “BIR Officials Amass Unexplained Wealth” By Tess Bacalla , Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism Owner: Regional Director in the Bureau of Internal Revenue; forced to resign; currently facing corruption charges; other officials suspended, also facing charges CAR MODEL Nissan Patrol BENEFICIAL OWNER Edwin Abella BIR Reg'l Director, Quezon City Suzuki Grand Vitara Nissan Cefiro Ditto BMW Lucien E. Sayuno BIR Reg'l Director, Makati City Ditto BMW Honda Accord Mitsubishi L 200 Honda CR -V The World Bank Ditto Danilo A. Duncano BIR Reg'l Director, Quezon City Corazon P. Pangcog Asst. Reg'l Director, Valenzuela City Ditto REGISTERED OWNER Sulpicio S. Bulanon Jr. 1817 Jordan Plains Subd. , Quezon City (listed address of Abella in his SALs) Merrick Abella (son of Abella) 24 Xavierville, Loyola Heights, Q uezon City Elizabeth S. Buendia 152 Road 8, -asa, Quezon City Pag Limtra Dev. Corp. Zone 4, Dasmariñas, Cavite Marie Rachel D. ses Mene c/o Metrocor and Holdings, G&F, Makati City Daniel Anthony P. Duncano 2618 JP Rizal, New Capital Estate, Quezon City Alberto P. Pangcog (husband) B 2 L 23 Lagro Subd. , Quezon City Alberto P. Pangcog 9 Ricardo St. , Carmel 1 Subd. , Quezon City Ditto Page 10 Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance
E-government: Tackling corruption & delivering better services ü Citizen Service Centers & One-Stop Shops (Bahia, Brazil; e-Seva in AP, India; online Motor Vehicles Departments) ü E-procurement (Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, Korea, Mexico, Philippines, Romania, others) ü Land titling (Karnataka, India: 18 m titles issued) ü New Business Registration (Jamaica, Jordan, China) ü Online counseling for teacher transfer (Karnataka, India) ü Online customs (70 countries) ü Online municipal services (Seoul, Korea) ü Property registration (AP, Kanartaka, Maharastra, India) ü Railway reservations (India: 5 billion passengers/year) ü Tax payment (Mexico, Singapore, India, Chile) ü Trade facilitation (Tunisia) ü Treasury and integrated financial management systems (50 countries) The World Bank Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 11
E-Government, Transparency & Efficiency: Examples of savings Country Brazil Chile China Type of government application Number of days to process before application Number of days to process after application Registration of 29 documents Taxes online Several days Online application for 32 business services 2 -3 months for business license 10 -15 days for business license Several visits to multiple offices for filings Few days Several seconds for routine filing for companies 7 -15 days 5 minutes 25 days 20 30 minutes per document, one day for business licenses 12 hours India, Andhra Pradesh Valuation of Property Land Registration 10 minutes India, Karnataka Updating Land Registration Obtaining Land Title Certificate 1 -2 years 3 -30 days for approval, request completed on demand 5 -30 minutes India, Gujarat Interstate Check Posts for Trucks 30 minutes 2 minutes Jamaica Customs Online 2 -3 day for brokers to process entry 3 -4 hours Philippines Customs Online 8 days to release cargo 4 hours 2 days to release cargo – Singapore Issue of Tax Assessments 12 -18 months 3 -5 months The World Bank Source: Subash Bhatnagar and Arsala Deane (World Bank, 2003). Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 12
Lessons learned: e-government vs better government Ways to fail Ways to go Consider and promote egovernment as a government -centered effort Focus the e-government process on users (citizens & businesses) Replace every paper-based process by an electronic process Use e-government as a tool to foster changes in attitudes and thinking, and as an instrument for reforms Offer ‘ministry-specific’ esolutions Rally government-wide efforts around common procedures and standards (back office), and an ‘all-of-government’ approach (front office) Source: This slide is taken from a presentation by Bruno LANVIN CITPO/GICT, The World Bank, PREM Week, Washington DC – 26 April 2005 The World Bank Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 13
Formidable Political Obstacles to Reform: Montesinos’ Corruption Network in Peru Judiciary Civil Society International Political Parties Legislative Branch 1 Alberto Fujimori State (Bureaucracy) Vladimiro Montesinos Media Private Sector Municipal Government Source: “Robust Web of Corruption: Peru’s Intelligence Chief Vladimiro Montesinos, ” Kennedy School of Government The Program, Case C 14 -04 -1722. 0, based on research by Professor Luis Moreno Ocampo; Case World Bank Military Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 14
Forging Coalitions for Reform Philippines: Procurement Reform Transparency and Accountability Network (20+ member groups) PAGBA & AGAP (w/in Gov’t) Procurement Watch: Drew other civil society groups into the advocacy efforts and coordinated the activities Local chambers of Commerce (Private sector) The World Bank Walang Ku-Corrupt Movement (Youth) CBCP (Church) Philippine Contractors Association (private sector – main stakeholder) Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 15
Summary v E-Government can advance the agenda on governance reform, transparency, anticorruption. But it is not a panacea. v Successful implementation requires changes in incentives, attitudes and government-wide systems – and focus on users. v Situate reforms in a broader framework of governance and anticorruption: focus on supply and demand for reform v Focus on managing the political economy of reforms Source: Based on Subash Bhatnagar and Arsala Deane (World Bank, 2003). The World Bank Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 16
Discussion The World Bank Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 17
Why Should We Focus on Governance & Anticorruption? The quality of governance, including anti-corruption, is crucial for economic growth and poverty reduction Improving governance is essential for scaling up development assistance Poor governance and corruption pose major fiduciary and reputational risks to donors The World Bank Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 18
Governance & Anticorruption Key Elements of World Bank Strategy Ensure that Country Assistance Strategies address developmental, reputational, fiduciary risks Help countries that request the Bank’s support to improve governance & reduce corruption The World Bank Support international efforts to improve governance & reduce corruption Prevent fraud and corruption in World Bankfinanced projects Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 19
Good Governance has many dimensions … Citizens/Firms Political Governance Formal Oversight Institutions Public Sector Management • Independent judiciary • Legislative oversight • Independent oversight (SAI) • Global initiatives: UN, OECD Convention, anti-money laundering • Public finance management & procurement • Civil service meritocracy & adequate pay • Service delivery and regulatory agencies in sectors Civil Society & Media • Free press, FOI • Civil society watchdogs Private Sector Interface • Streamlined regulation • Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative • Collective business associations Decentralization and Local Participation • Decentralization with downward accountability • Community Driven Development (CDD) • Oversight by parent-teacher associations & user groups Citizens/Firms • Political competition, broad-based political parties • Transparency & regulation of party financing Outcomes: Services, Regulations, Corruption Citizens/Firms The World Bank Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 20
… The Bank operations focus only on some Citizens/Firms Political Governance Formal Oversight Institutions • Independent, effective judiciary • Legislative oversight (PACs, PECs) • Independent oversight (SAI) • Global initiatives: UN, OECD Convention, anti-money laundering Primary focus of WB operations in governance The World Bank Effective Public Sector Management • Public finance management & procurement • Civil service meritocracy & adequate pay • Service delivery and regulatory agencies in sectors • • • Civil Society & Media Freedom of press Freedom of information Civil society watchdogs Report cards, client surveys Participatory country diagnostic surveys Private Sector Interface Streamlined regulation Public-private dialogue Break-up of monopolies Extractive Industry Transparency • Corporate governance • Collective business associations Local Participation & Community Empowerment • Decentralization with accountability • Community Driven Development (CDD) • Oversight by parent-teacher associations & user groups Citizens/Firms • Political competition, broad-based political parties • Transparency & regulation of party financing Outcomes: Services, Regulations, Corruption Sanjay Pradhan PREM Public Sector Governance Page 21
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