Imperialism The OPENING UP OF AFRICA

Imperialism

The “OPENING UP” OF AFRICA • Mid-1800 s • Missionaries and explorers sparked foreign interest in Africa

Africa (1880)

DAVID LIVINGSTONE (18131873) • Scottish missionary • 1841 -1873 – lived in central Africa – Explored Africa • Named Lake Victoria after the British queen – Converted many Africans to Christianity – Wrote books on Africa which piqued foreign interest • 1871 – reported “lost” – “Found” by Henry Stanley – “Dr. Livingstone, I presume? ”

Exploration Dr. Livingstone, I Presume? ” • David Livingstone • Doctor/Missionary • Mapping the “Dark Continent” • Open the interior of Africa for commerce & Christianity David Livingstone

The Scramble for Africa # 1. Colonization of Africa by Europeans 1880 -1914 #3 Great Britain, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Germany, Belgium King Leopold II of Belgium

Imperialism: The policy by a stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.

How Did Imperialism Begin? A coaling station for steamships, Cape Town, South Africa

Economic Motives #1 Industrialized nations sought: • Raw materials • Natural resources • A cheap labor supply • New marketplaces for manufactured goods • Control means of production

The Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the mid-18 th century • Britain’s advantages • The spread of industrialization

Technological Advances • • The steam engine Better transportation Increased exploration Improvements in communication The steamboat Herald (with mounted machine guns) on the Zambezi river in Africa One of the first steam engines

Cecil Rhodes #9 • British imperialist who made huge profits from Africa’s natural resources • Founder of the state of Rhodesia in Africa

“The Rhodes Colossus” This cartoon depicts British imperial ambitions to control the entire African continent.

Motives #1 • Religious: to spread the benefits of Christianity and Western Culture • Political: competition fuel by Nationalism, Empire Building

Justification for Imperialism • A desire to “civilize” non-Europeans also spurred the development of imperialism • Social Darwinism Darwin’s handwritten cover page for The Origin of Species Herbert Spencer

Describe 3 examples of European ethnocentrism in the political cartoon.

Imperialism Quote • “If you woke up one morning and found that somebody had come to your house, and had declared that the house belonged to him, you would naturally be surprised, and you would like to know by what arrangement. ” – Jomo Kenyatta – 1 st President of Kenya • How does this quote show an African reaction to European Imperialism in Africa? Use 3 examples

Imperialism Quote • Desmond Tutu … “when the missionaries came to Africa, they had the Bible and we had the land. They said ‘let us close our eyes and pray’. When we opened them, we had the Bible, and they had the land”. • How does this quote show an African reaction to European Imperialism in Africa? Use 3 examples

The Berlin Conference 1884 #4 Rules to divide Africa among European powers to avoid conflict among European powers= Artificial Borders

European Control of Africa By 1914, only two African nations remained independent Liberia and Ethiopia #2

The Maxim Gun #5 British troops fighting forces in Benin in 1897

Methods of Management • Indirect Control: This form relied on using the existing African political rulers. – Britain sometimes asked local chiefs to accept British rule and legislative councils were formed and included colonial (European) officials and merchants. • The idea was that these councils would train the Africans, and at some point in time, these territories would be able to rule themselves, much like Australia and Canada.

Methods of Management • Direct Control: The French and most other European countries preferred stronger control because they felt that Africans were not civilized enough to rule themselves. – They adopted a policy of paternalism, in which the Europeans acted like the Africans’ parents in providing for their survival, but denying them rights. – They avoided training locals, and instead, brought along Europeans to rule the Africans. – The French also supported a policy of assimilation, in which the native population would take on French customs and culture and be like them. • African customs and culture were looked at as inferior, or not as good as French culture.

Direct vs. Indirect Rule #6 European nations chose one of two different paths when it came to colonial rule: Indirect rule: colonies were ruled through existing traditional rulers Example: Nigeria Direct rule: the colony was directly administered by the colonizer Example: Senegal Result: loss of power and influence By Traditional rulers

Cash Crop/Money Economy #7 • Africans sold labor to make money to pay taxes • Problems – Created dependence on Colonial rulers

#8 Purpose of the Railroads was to extract wealth

#9 Aim of Colonial Rulers • To benefit Colonial economies accomplished by cash crop system and forced labor • King Leopold II of Belgium • Cecil Rhodes

5 -8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul. ) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery. . . The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead. . . This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

African Resistance • Africans Confront Imperialism – Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior weapons • Unsuccessful Movements – Algeria fights the French for 50 years – German East Africa resistance results in 75, 000 deaths • Successful Movements – Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II – Plays Europeans against each other – Stockpiles modern weapons – Defeats Italy and remains independent #10

African Resistance • Unsuccessful Attempts: Africans resisted Europeans in both military conflict, and through religious resistance. – Algeria was able to resist French rule for 50 years. – French West Africa held out for 16 years because it had a strong king named Samori Toure that had modernized his military. – In the end, only famine could beat Toure.

African Resistance Maji-Maji prisoners captured by Germans. • German East Africa: Natives in this region used religious faith as defense. – German colonizers had forced them to grow cash crops, such as cotton, instead of food. – Natives came to believe that if magic water called maji-maji were sprinkled on their bodies, they would be bullet-proof • Furthermore, they believed that God had approved of their struggle, and that their dead ancestors would rise from the grave and help them against the Germans. • As many as 75, 000 were mowed down by German Maxim machine guns, and 150, 000 more starved to death later.

African Resistance • Ethiopia: A Successful Resistance: Ethiopia was the only country that successfully resisted Europeans. – Its king, Menelik II, played all of the European countries off of each other (tricked them) as they tried to convince him to be under their sphere of influence, • While he tricked them, he bought modern weapons from the French and Russians.

African Resistance – In signing a treaty with Italy, Menelik II realized that he had been tricked by differences in translation between languages, and that he had given up control of his country. • Menelik declared war on Italy, and was able to beat Italy at the Battle of Adowa. 1896 – Menelik II continued to stockpile weapons to resist any other attempts to take over his country.

Section 3 The Age of Imperialism African Resistance Africans did not passively accept European claims to rule over them. As European troops advanced on African territory, they met stiff resistance. The Zulu Ethiopia • Zulu people resisted colonialization more than 50 years • Only nation to retain independence by matching European firepower • Zulu leader Shaka built strong kingdom by subduing several neighboring peoples • 1889, emperor Menelik II modernized nation, army • 1879, British invaded Zulu territory, annexed kingdom as colony • 1895, Italian forces invaded over treaty dispute • Menelik’s forces defeated Italians Even without modern weapons, other Africans still fiercely resisted European powers.

The Age of Imperialism Section 3 French and Germans French West Africa • West Africa, leader of Malinke peoples, Samory Touré, formed army to fight against French rule; fought for 15 years; proclaimed self king of Guinea • 1898, French defeated Touré, ended resistance to French rule in West Africa German East Africa • Africans called on gods, ancestors for spiritual guidance in resistance • 1905, several African peoples united to rebel against Germans’ order to grow cotton for export to Germany Rebellion Put Down • To combat Germans, spiritual leader encouraged followers to sprinkle magic water over bodies to protect selves from German bullets; did not work • Rebellion quickly put down; Germans killed tens of thousands of Africans

#10 African Resistance and failure • Many Africans resisted European rule – Millions of Africans died – Europeans = superior military technology • North Africa: Algerians fought French • West Africa: Ibo and Fulani fought British • Congo Free State: 20 years of fighting • Ethiopia exception: European training preserved independence

The Legacy of Imperialism Caricature of former Ugandan dictator Idi Amin Mozambican war refugees, 1978

How do the pictures show life changed for Africans after the arrival of Europeans? 3 examples

A Closer Look at Imperialism in Africa • European quest to control natural resources • Doing so led to drastic changes in the infrastructure of the continent The port of Zanzibar around 1900

Transportation, Communication, Education, Medical Care

Effects • New political systems • New Economic pattern: money economy, cash crops, taxes, dependence, lack of diversity • Transportation • Communication, • Education, • Medical Care • migrant workers, chibaro = breakdown of Family • New attitude towards land • Racism • Christianity • Artificial boundaries • Educated African elite • Nationalism • westernization • Generalization: change and breakdown of traditional values and organizations

Economic Consequences Cash Crops depleted the soil and made it difficult to grow subsistence crops. undermine local industries because they sucked up most of the labor force. once colonies gained their independence, years of dependence on a single cash crop made it difficult to modernize and diversify their economies Result: Slowed development and modernization

Effects of European Imperialism on Africa Directions: Using your answers from question #11 from Scramble for Africa sheet and pages 102 -104 from the text, categorize the effects of European Imperialism on Africa as positive or negative to the development of Africa. Positive Negative Was European Imperialism in Africa more disruptive or beneficial to the African culture and its people? Support your answer with evidence.

Positive • Material Improvements – Transportation and communication – RR and Telegraphs – Hospitals – Sanitation and water systems – Formal education system (western) • Educated African elite • Nationalism

Negative • Disruption of Traditional African Life • New political systems • New Economic pattern: money economy, cash crops, taxes, economic dependence, lack of diversity • migrant workers, chibaro = breakdown of Family • New attitude towards land • Racism • Christianity • Artificial boundaries • westernization • Generalization: change and breakdown of traditional values and organizations

Positive Material improvements: • Transportation and communication • RR and Telegraphs • Hospitals • Sanitation and water systems • Formal education system (western) • Nationalism • westernization Negative Disruption of Traditional African Life • New political systems • New Economic pattern: money economy, cash crops, taxes, dependence, lack of diversity • migrant workers, chibaro = breakdown of Family • New attitude towards land • Racism • Christianity • Artificial boundaries • Educated African elite • Generalization: change and breakdown of traditional values and organizations