IMMUNITY NOMAD: 2006: BP: Immunity 1
ROMAN SOLDIERS NOMAD: 2006: BP: Immunity 2
IMMUNITY: INTRODUCTION n n Roman soldiers: “Immunos” Exempt from paying taxes. Immunity means exemption from: n n Infections/Infestations Rogue cells/ Carcinoimas NOMAD: 2006: BP: Immunity 3
INFECTIONS n Infections include invasions of body by n Prions: Creuzfield Jakob Disease (BSE) n Viruses: Polio (Poliomyelitis), TB (M. tuberculosis) n Bacteria: Typhoid ( Salmonella tyhphi) n Protozoa: Malaria (Plasmodium vivax) NOMAD: 2006: BP: Immunity 4
INFESTATIONS & CARCINOMAS n n Infestations: Helminths or worms: Hookworm. Carcinomas: Cancers: Rogue cells which lose their self-control. NOMAD: 2006: BP: Immunity 5
IMMUNITY: TYPES n n 1. Innate: Intrinsic Non specific. 2. Acquired: Natural (Specific) : Cell Mediated Immunity n Humoral Immunity n n 3. Artificial Acquired Immunity Passive type n Active type. n NOMAD: 2006: BP: Immunity 6
1. INNATE IMMUNITY n n n Intact Skin: Resists invasion Phagocytosis Lysis in the Gastro Intestinal Tract: n n n Hydrochloric Acid. Enzymes Blood borne: n n Lysozymes. Basic Polypeptides. Complement Complex. Natural Killer Lymphocytes NOMAD: 2006: BP: Immunity 7
2. NATURAL SPECIFIC ACQUIRED IMMUNITY IS OF TWO TYPES: HUMORAL IMMUNITY CELL MEDIATED n Antibodies IMMUNITY: produced when challenged. n Immune response by cells, n They are lymphocytes. Immunoglobulins n Is the function of n B Lymphocytes T Lymphocytes. become Plasma cells & secrete n Is longer lasting. Antibodies. NOMAD: 2006: BP: Immunity 8
2. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY (NATURAL) BONE MARROW: LYMPHOCYTE PRECURSOR CELLS n T LYMPHOCYTES n n n MEMORY T CELLS CYTOTOXIC T CELLS SUPPRESSOR CELLS NATURAL KILLER CELLS CELLULAR OR CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY B LYMPHOCYTES MEMORY B CELLS n PLASMA CELLS: IMMUNOGLOBULINS: n G, A, M, E, D. n HUMORAL IMMUNITY NOMAD: 2006: BP: Immunity 9
3. ARTIFICIAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY n n n IMMUNISATIONS: TWO TYPES: ACTIVE n n n It stimulates the body immune response Example: Oral Polio Virus Drops PASSIVE n n It delivers readymade antibodies Example: ATS: Anti Tetanus Serum NOMAD: 2006: BP: Immunity 10
AN ANTIBODY: IMMUNOGLOBULIN NOMAD: 2006: BP: Immunity 11
How do antibodies act? n DIRECT ACTION ON INVADERS: n n n AGGLUTINATION. PRECIPITATION. NEUTRALIZATION. LYSIS. THROUGH ACTIVATION OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: n Classic complement cascade: amplified NOMAD: 2006: BP: Immunity 12
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE ANTIGENIC CHALLENGE NOMAD: 2006: BP: Immunity 13
What are the differences in the two responses? 1. LATENT PERIOD : n 2. POTENCY OR MAGNITUDE OF RESPONSE: n 3. More in Primary response More potent in the Secondary response. DURATION OF RESPONSE: n Longer in case of Secondary response. NOMAD: 2006: BP: Immunity 14
TRAINED T LYMPHOCYTES n n DO NOT DESTROY SELF ANTIGENS. HAVE BEEN PROCESSED TO REACT AGAINST SPECIFIC ‘NONSELF’ ANTIGENS. NOMAD: 2006: BP: Immunity 15
APPLIED ASPECTS n ATOPY n n n AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS: n n Increased Ig E Causes Allergies Myesthenia gravis Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) HIV/ AIDS NOMAD: 2006: BP: Immunity 16
APPLIED ASPECTS n IMMUNIZATION: n PASSIVE n n ATS ACTIVE: n OPV. NOMAD: 2006: BP: Immunity 17
