HYSPLIT Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model Radionuclide Applications Roland Draxler NOAA Air Resources Laboratory
HYSPLIT Overview HYSPLIT is not just a transport and dispersion model but a complete system for computing trajectories, dispersion, and deposition Can be applied to different air quality problems Specific applications depend upon configuration of input files and the use of pre- and post-processing executables Executable library contains over 100 applications This presentation is a highly technical focus on configuring the model for radiological applications This presentation was developed as a reference document 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 2
HYSPLIT • • • Computational particle is a surrogate for a radionuclide gas or particle A single computational particle may represent one or more radionuclides A particle follows the mean motion of the spatially and temporally varying wind field Random velocities are added to the mean motion to represent turbulence All subsequent examples will focus on the period of 14 -16 March 2011 during the Fukushima accident 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 3
133 Xe Example • Radionuclide mass is assigned to each particle • Mass is decayed after it is released • A user defined threedimensional grid covers the domain • Particle masses are summed in each grid cell • The mass sum is divided by the grid cell volume to obtain air concentration 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 4
Meteorology HYSPLIT requires data in a special direct-access fixed record format NCEP operationally produces forecast files and they are available for FTP Top left shows the highest resolution routinely available (4 km) at every 20 th grid point Bottom, zoomed over the Washington DC area showing every grid point Forecast and archive data for the CONUS and globally are available: ftp: //arlftp. arlhq. noaa. gov/pub/ All the Fukushima examples use results from our own 4 -km WRF-ARW simulation 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 5
HYSPLIT Availability Platforms Windows MAC OS LINUX Web Interface Tcl/Tk Command line http: //ready. arl. noaa. gov/HYSPLIT. php restricted user access for nuclear configuration options 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 6
HYSPLIT Assumptions • • • Minimum model integration time step = 1 minute Then minimum resolution: 5 m/s * 60 s = 300 m Standard simulation decay starts at the time of emission Different radioactive decay scenarios must be treated in the post-processing step In the following Fukushima examples the emission were decay corrected to the reactor shutdown time: 0600 UTC 11 March Daughter products are not handled directly 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 7
Simple Computational Framework input model output post-processing control namelist meteorology HYSPLIT binary air concentration and deposition All the following examples have been configured for demonstration purposes and computational speed! 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory CONCPLOT CON 2 STN C 2 DATEM TIMEPLOT 8
The CONTROL file 11 03 14 09 2 37. 4206 141. 0329 1. 0 37. 4206 141. 0329 100. 0 51 0 10000. 0 1 /meteorology/wrf_arl/ W 03_201103. bin 1 CPAR 5. 887 E+13 51. 0 Average emissions in layer 1 -100 m AGL Average emission rate Cs-137 in Bq/h for a duration of 51 hours 00 00 00 1 38. 0 140. 05 20. 0 30. 0. / Binary output file fdnpp. bin 2 0 100 00 00 03 00 1 1. 0 0. 001 0. 0 0. 0 8. 0 E-05 11025. 8 3/15/2018 0. 0 Dry and wet deposition Decay (days) Air Resources Laboratory 9
The namelist file: SETUP. CFG &SETUP delt = 5. 0, khmax = 24, numpar = -2500, Time step = 5 minutes Delete particles after 24 h Release 2500 particles / h / The minimum concentration for one time-step without deposition: 5. 887 E+13 Bq/h / 2500 p/h = 2. 355 E+10 Bq/p 2. 355 E+10 Bq / 5000 m / 100 m = 9. 42 Bq/m 3 Now just run HYSPLIT: . . exechycs_std 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 10
Post-Processing C 2 DATEM -ifdnpp. bin -o. Tokai. txt -m. JAEA_C 137. txt -c 1000. 0 -z 2 TIMEPLOT -i. Tokai. txt -s. JAEA_C 137. txt model predictions input text file measured data file CONAVGPD -ifdnpp. bin -odeposit. bin -a 11031409 -b 11031612 -m 0. 001 -r 1 binary output file deposit. bin between period 14 -16 March convert Bq to k. Bq sum values=1 rather than average=0 CONCPLOT -ideposit. bin -h 37. 0: 140. 0 -g 0: 500 -uk. Bq -c 4 -v 1000+300+100+30+10 3/15/2018 input = HYSPLIT output file output = text file at Tokai-Mura match model to measured data convert Bq to m. Bq use level=2 of input file plot binary deposition file force map 500 km radius centered force units label force contours Air Resources Laboratory 11
HYSPLIT predictions at Tokai-mura DATEM formatted output from program c 2 datem fdnpp. bin year mn dy 2011 3 14 2011 3 15 2011 3 16 shr 0900 1800 2100 0000 0600 1200 1800 0000 dur 0900 0300 0600 1200 Lat 36. 4356 36. 4356 Lon 140. 6025 140. 6025 m. Bq/m 3 4333. 6489 67054. 73 205302. 77 11450. 92 662. 9220 220. 9356 23165. 15 3305. 2449 id 14 14 14 15 15 16 The measured data file JAEA_C 137. txt looks just like the file contents shown above except the concentration values are measured rather than model predictions. 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 12
Simulation Results using Constant Emission rate Model Measured 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 13
Simulation using Time-Varying Emissions Define emissions file with namelist variable: efile = 'EMITIMES' Turn off emissions in the control file: 1 CPAR 5. 887 E+13 51. 0 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 1 CPAR 0. 0 14
Extract from the EMITIMES file for time-varying emissions YYYY 2011 2011 2011 2011 + 12 3/15/2018 MM DD HH DURATION(hhhh) #RECORDS MM DD HH MM DURATION(hhmm) LAT LON HGT(m) RATE(/h) AREA(m 2) HEAT(w) 03 14 09 0003 2 03 14 09 00 0300 37. 4206 141. 0329 1. 0 1. 86 E+12 0. 0 03 14 09 00 0300 37. 4206 141. 0329 100. 0 1. 86 E+12 0. 0 03 14 12 0003 2 03 14 12 00 0300 37. 4206 141. 0329 1. 0 2. 86 E+13 0. 0 03 14 12 00 0300 37. 4206 141. 0329 100. 0 2. 86 E+13 0. 0 03 14 15 0003 2 03 14 15 00 0300 37. 4206 141. 0329 1. 0 9. 00 E+13 0. 0 03 14 15 00 0300 37. 4206 141. 0329 100. 0 9. 00 E+13 0. 0 03 14 18 0003 2 03 14 18 00 0300 37. 4206 141. 0329 1. 0 4. 15 E+13 0. 0 03 14 18 00 0300 37. 4206 141. 0329 100. 0 4. 15 E+13 0. 0 03 14 21 0003 2 03 14 21 00 0300 37. 4206 141. 0329 1. 0 9. 54 E+13 0. 0 03 14 21 00 0300 37. 4206 141. 0329 100. 0 9. 54 E+13 0. 0 more time periods! Air Resources Laboratory 15
Simulation Results using a Variable Emission Rate 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 16
Converting Concentration to Dose For Cs-137 (published multiple sources): 3. 34080 E-11 (rem/h) / (Bq/m 3) for air concentration 1. 07640 E-12 (rem/h) / (Bq/m 2) for deposition CONCPLOT command line add: -x 3. 34 E-05 to convert air concentration to -rem/h -y 1. 08 E-06 to convert deposition to -rem/h -r 2 to time-accumulate deposition Cloud shine dose not accumulate like ground shine in this simple approach (using CONCPLOT) 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 17
Ground-Shine Cloud-Shine Dose rates at +12 h and +48 h 2100 Z March 14 3/15/2018 1200 Z March 16 Air Resources Laboratory 18
CON 2 DOSE: Legacy Dose Conversion HYSPLIT simulation for a single species; includes emissions and decay Species ID must match entry in con 2 dose. dat table Binary file output with nine different doses: immersion, inhalation, bone, lung, thyroid, acute, long-term, effective, total Table conversion units in m-rem/h per Ci/m 3 (mrem/hr) Nuclide Name ------- C 134 C 136 C 137 I 131 I 132 I 133 I 134 I 135 X 133 Kr 85 3/15/2018 ----Inhalation (-------) ------(u. Ci/m**3) Acute CDE CEDE Bone Lung Thyroid 50 -year 30 -day 50 -year ALL VALUES FROM FRMAC (1995) -------- 1 1 1 1 0 0 5. 55 E+01 8. 79 E+00 3. 83 E+01 3. 95 E+01 4. 57 E+00 7. 02 E+00 1. 58 E-01 1. 47 E+00 1. 92 E-03 7. 32 E-04 Air Depos. Submersion Ext. Exp. Ext. 4 -day dose Ext. EDE Rate EDE Non-arid/Resusp (mrem/hr)/ (m. R/hr)/ (mrem)/ (u. Ci/m**3) (u. Ci/m**2) -------- 1. 02 E+01 1. 24 E+01 -1. 00 E+00 6. 66 E+00 8. 88 E+00 -1. 00 E+00 6. 22 E+00 9. 77 E+00 -1. 00 E+00 2. 40 E-01 2. 89 E+00 1. 30 E+03 6. 22 E-02 1. 20 E+00 7. 73 E+00 1. 20 E-01 3. 64 E+00 2. 16 E+02 2. 71 E-02 6. 22 E-01 1. 28 E+00 9. 77 E-02 1. 95 E+00 3. 76 E+01 1. 92 E-03 -1. 00 E+00 7. 32 E-04 -1. 00 E+00 Air Resources Laboratory ---- 1. 0 E+00 1. 4 E+00 3. 8 E-01 2. 4 E-01 1. 5 E+00 3. 9 E-01 1. 7 E+00 1. 1 E+00 2. 1 E-02 1. 6 E-03 ---- 2. 0 E-02 2. 7 E-02 7. 6 E-03 4. 9 E-03 2. 9 E-02 7. 8 E-03 3. 3 E-02 2. 0 E-02 6. 0 E-04 3. 4 E-05 1. 4 E-02 1. 9 E-02 5. 5 E-03 3. 5 E-03 2. 1 E-02 5. 6 E-03 2. 4 E-02 1. 4 E-02 4. 3 E-04 2. 5 E-05 1. 4 E+00 1. 7 E+00 5. 5 E-01 3. 0 E-01 6. 8 E-02 1. 6 E-01 3. 0 E-02 1. 4 E-01 3. 3 E-02 2. 5 E-03 19
HYSPLIT Simple Configuration Summary 3/15/2018 Emissions must be decay corrected to the time of release Multiple species can be tracked in the same simulation Decay is applied only during the calculation phase Once written to the output file it no longer decays Dose conversion factors can be applied to the output For total dose, concentration and deposition can be added The longer the half-life the lesser the concern about decay Air Resources Laboratory 20
Transfer Coefficient Matrix (TCM) Configuration Each emission time is treated as an independent simulation Manually configured (no limits) Automatically configured (one species) A unit source emission rate is required Time-varying emissions are treated in the post-processing Dose can be computed from multiple radiological species Source terms can be computed from measurement data This approach permits air concentrations to be recalculated without rerunning the dispersion model as new emission estimates are developed 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 21
Multi-File TCM Computational Framework input control namelist meteorology model HYSPLIT output binary post-processing CONDECAY CONMERGE TG_{MMDDHH} • CONDECAY applies time varying source and decay to unit-source dispersion model calculations • CONMERGE combines all the emission time simulation files into a single output file 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 22
The First Two and the Last CONTROL File 11 03 14 09 2 37. 4206 141. 0329 1. 0 37. 4206 141. 0329 100. 0 51 0 10000. 0 1 /meteorology/wrf_arl/ W 03_201103. bin 1 CPAR 1. 0 3. 0 00 00 00 1 38. 0 140. 05 20. 0 30. 0. / TG_031409 11 03 14 12 2 37. 4206 141. 0329 1. 0 37. 4206 141. 0329 100. 0 48 0 10000. 0 1 /meteorology/wrf_arl/ W 03_201103. bin 1 CPAR 1. 0 3. 0 00 00 00 1 38. 0 140. 05 20. 0 30. 0. / TG_031412 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 11 03 16 09 2 37. 4206 141. 0329 1. 0 37. 4206 141. 0329 100. 0 3 0 10000. 0 1 /meteorology/wrf_arl/ W 03_201103. bin 1 CPAR 1. 0 3. 0 00 00 00 1 38. 0 140. 05 20. 0 30. 0. / TG_031609 23
CONDECAY processing HYSPLIT output TG_031409 TG_031412 TG_031415 TG_mmddhh • • 3/15/2018 CONDECAY output CONDECAY -3: 1: 11025. 8: C 137 +ecfactors +t 031106 DG_031409 DG_031412 DG_031415 DG_mmddhh The emission rate in column 3 (Cs-137) of cfactors. txt is multiplied by species #1 in each TG file cfactors. txt should contain an emission rate corresponding with each start time of the TG files Decay is set to 11025. 8 days and is started at 6 Z of March 3 rd Deposition and air concentration are decayed by default Air Resources Laboratory 24
The CFACTORS. TXT emissions file YYYY MM DD HH I 131 g I 131 p C 137 p 2011 3 14 9 1. 23 E+13 1. 86 E+12 2011 3 14 12 1. 81 E+14 2. 86 E+13 2011 3 14 15 4. 13 E+14 9. 00 E+13 2011 3 14 18 2. 73 E+14 4. 15 E+13 2011 3 14 21 6. 58 E+14 9. 54 E+13 2011 3 15 0 5. 05 E+14 7. 29 E+13 2011 3 15 3 7. 03 E+13 1. 00 E+13 2011 3 15 6 1. 12 E+14 1. 58 E+13 2011 3 15 9 3. 49 E+15 2. 67 E+15 1. 35 E+14 2011 3 15 12 6. 59 E+15 2. 82 E+15 9. 28 E+13 2011 3 15 15 5. 74 E+14 2. 46 E+14 8. 00 E+12 2011 3 15 18 1. 08 E+14 4. 61 E+13 1. 49 E+12 2011 3 15 21 7. 80 E+13 1. 04 E+13 2011 3 16 0 1. 09 E+15 1. 44 E+14 2011 3 16 3 5. 58 E+14 7. 27 E+13 2011 3 16 6 7. 18 E+14 9. 06 E+13 2011 3 16 9 7. 18 E+14 9. 06 E+13 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory • Selecting the column in CONDECAY determines which species is represented by the HYSPLIT dispersion calculation • Multiple species can be assigned to the same dispersion calculation 25
CONMERGE to create a single file conmerge -imergelist. txt -ofdnpp. bin Samples -> DG_031409 1412 1415 1418 1421 1500 xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx DG_031412 DG_031415 DG_031418 DG_031421 DG_031500 xxxx mergelist fdnpp. bin 3/15/2018 xxxx Air Resources Laboratory xxxx 26
Simulation Results using the manual TCM Approach 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 27
Single-File TCM Computational Framework input control namelist meteorology model output HYSPLIT single binary output file with each release time in its own array post-processing TCMSUM The current code configuration limits each simulation to a single pollutant species 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 28
CONTROL 11 03 14 09 2 37. 4206 141. 0329 1. 0 37. 4206 141. 0329 100. 0 51 0 10000. 0 1 /meteorology/wrf_arl/ W 03_201103. bin 1 CPAR 1. 0 3. 0 00 00 00 1 38. 0 140. 05 20. 0 30. 0. / fdnpp_tcms. bin 3/15/2018 SETUP. CFG &SETUP delt = 5. 0, initd = 0, khmax = 24, numpar = -2500, maxpar = 300000, efile = '', krand = 1, vscales = 5. 0, vscaleu = 200. 0, kmix 0 = 150, rhb = 100, rht = 80, qcycle = 3, ichem = 10, / HYSPLIT input A new emission cycle is started every 3 hours A concentration array element is created for each emission cycle; the element replaces the species index An emission cycle consists of a release of one unit per hour for a duration of 3 h Air Resources Laboratory 29
TCMSUM processing HYSPLIT output fdnpp_tcms. bin decay start time half-life days TCMSUM -ifdnpp_tcms. bin -ofdnpp -t 031106 -h 11025. 8 -c 3 -scfactors. txt -p. C 137 TCMSUM output fdnpp. bin select column 3 of the emissions file 4 -character pollutant ID label in output file 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 30
Simulation Results using automated TCM Approach 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 31
Using a Multi-File TCM to Estimate the Emission Rate input model control namelist meteorology output HYSPLIT binary post-processing C 2 ARRAY TCSOLVE TG_{MMDDHH} • C 2 ARRAY post-processing not yet available for single file TCMs • TCSOLVE uses singular value decomposition to solve the coefficient matrix 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 32
C 2 ARRAY processing converts multiple TCM files into a single coefficient matrix (CM) for the sampling locations defined in JAEA_C 137. txt C 2 ARRAY -imergelist. txt -oc 2 array. csv -m. JAEA_C 137. txt -z 2 list of unit source input files (TG_*) comma delimited CM output file DATEM formatted measured data at Tokai-mura Process level 2 (air concentration) of the input files 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 33
C 2 ARRAY. CSV 40616. 38 40616. 5 40616. 63 40616. 75 40616. 88 40617. 13 40617. 25 40617. 38 40617. 5 40617. 63 40617. 75 40617. 88 40618. 13 40618. 25 40618. 38 40618. 5 1. 30 E-12 9. 79 E-14 0. 00 E+00 0. 00 E+00 1. 03 E+04 1. 67 E-13 5. 85 E-13 5. 41 E-13 0. 00 E+00 0. 00 E+00 1. 10 E+04 2. 06 E-13 6. 65 E-13 1. 50 E-12 1. 47 E-12 0. 00 E+00 0. 00 E+00 1. 87 E+05 0. 00 E+00 5. 27 E-15 2. 65 E-15 1. 06 E-13 6. 08 E-14 0. 00 E+00 0. 00 E+00 3. 83 E+03 4. 72 E-15 1. 03 E-14 0. 00 E+00 1. 33 E-14 0. 00 E+00 0. 00 E+00 4. 05 E+02 0. 00 E+00 6. 54 E-15 0. 00 E+00 2. 62 E-15 1. 39 E-15 0. 00 E+00 4. 35 E-17 0. 00 E+00 0. 00 E+00 3. 55 E+02 0. 00 E+00 5. 80 E-14 1. 39 E-13 3. 29 E-13 1. 64 E-13 4. 00 E-15 5. 43 E-15 2. 25 E-14 0. 00 E+00 5. 81 E+03 0. 00 E+00 1. 51 E-14 5. 88 E-14 3. 52 E-14 2. 95 E-15 0. 00 E+00 0. 00 E+00 3. 36 E+02 • Blue column headings time in days from the year 1900 • Red column gives measurement data vector (m. Bq/m 3) • Each row gives TCM values for each release (column) time contributing to that measurement (non-zero=yellow) 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 34
TCSOLVE solution to the coefficient matrix • Dij Si = Rj • concentration at receptor R is the linear sum of all the contributing sources S times the dilution factor D between S and R • Si = (Dij)-1 Rj • the linear relationship between sources and receptors can be expressed by the inverse of the coefficient matrix TCSOLVE -ic 2 array. csv -u 0. 001 -otcsolve. txt input CM array (D = Bq/m 3) convert R from m. Bq to Bq source term solution in Bq Alternate Approach: • Edit the CM file into a square matrix • Use EXCEL functions MINVERSE() and MMULT() 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 35
TCSOLVE. TXT Date, Result, 40616. 375, 1. 228 E+13, 40616. 500, -5. 789 E+13, 40616. 625, 7. 914 E+13, 40616. 750, 7. 092 E+13, 40616. 875, -5. 909 E+13, 40617. 000, -8. 441 E+14, 40617. 125, -6. 363 E+13, 40617. 250, 4. 623 E+14, 40617. 375, 1. 867 E+14, 40617. 500, 1. 448 E+16, 40617. 625, -3. 417 E+14, 40617. 750, 0. 000 E+00, 40617. 875, 0. 000 E+00, 40618. 000, 0. 000 E+00, 40618. 125, 0. 000 E+00, 40618. 250, 0. 000 E+00, 40618. 375, 0. 000 E+00, 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 36
HYSPLIT Transfer Coefficient Matrix Summary Emissions must be decay corrected to the same time One simulation per emission time period Time-varying emissions are applied during post-processing Decay is applied during the post-processing phase For both air concentration and deposition Post-processing permits a single computational species to represent multiple radionuclides Depositing particles Depositing gases Noble gases without deposition Gravitational settling 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 37
Dose Calculations Combining Multiple Radionuclides Simple approach: single time period constant unit dispersion and multiple species emissions combined to compute total dose Computational footnote: a nuclear detonation Complex approach: multiple time period constant unit dispersion files and time-varying multiple species emissions combined to compute total dose All the following examples show dose rate but a simple command line flag converts output to accumulated dose 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 38
CONTROL file 2 RNUC 1. 0 51. 0 00 00 00 NGAS 1. 0 51. 0 00 00 00 1 38. 0 140. 05 20. 0 30. 0. / fdnpp_unit. bin 2 0 100 00 00 03 00 2 1. 0 0. 001 0. 0 0. 0 8. 0 E-05 0. 0 0. 0 3/15/2018 activity. txt file Dose Calculations using Constant Unit Emission Mass Hr= 95 110 132 131 133 134 137 140 Nucl 0. 00 Nb Ag Te I I Xe Cs Cs Ba La T 1/2 sec 3. 02000 E+06 2. 18000 E+07 2. 82000 E+05 6. 94656 E+05 7. 49000 E+04 4. 52995 E+05 6. 50000 E+07 9. 52093 E+08 1. 10160 E+06 1. 44979 E+05 HYSPLIT Emission Bq 1. 62000 E+13 6. 48000 E+12 1. 62000 E+16 8. 10000 E+15 3. 66000 E+17 8. 10000 E+14 4. 05000 E+13 Cloudshine Groundshine Inhalation rem/h Bq/m 3 rem/h Bq/m 2 rem/Bq 1. 26000 E-08 2. 62000 E-10 2. 38000 E-06 4. 57000 E-08 9. 29000 E-10 2. 38000 E-06 3. 36000 E-09 7. 63000 E-11 7. 38000 E-07 6. 08400 E-09 1. 31040 E-10 7. 38000 E-07 9. 94000 E-09 2. 22000 E-10 7. 38000 E-07 5. 00400 E-10 0. 00000 E+00 2. 54000 E-08 5. 33000 E-10 4. 63000 E-07 3. 34080 E-11 1. 07640 E-12 4. 63000 E-07 2. 90520 E-09 6. 84000 E-11 1. 03000 E-07 3. 99600 E-08 7. 77600 E-10 1. 07000 E-07 CON 2 REM: unit dispersion to dose -ifdnpp_unit. bin -ofdnpp_dose. bin NGAS= 133 Xe + 85 Kr + … RNUC= 95 Nb + 110 Ag + … CONCSUM: ground and cloud-shine -ifdnpp_dose. bin -ofdnpp_sums. bin -L -p. DOSE Air Resources Laboratory 39
Dose Rates at Tokai-Mura using the maximum rate for each of 10 radionculides Cloud m. Bq/m 3 Ground m. Bq/m 3 R/h 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 40
Dose Rates at Tokai-Mura using the maximum rate for each of 10 radionculides m. Bq/m 3 R/h 3/15/2018 Total using conavgpd Air Resources Laboratory 41
ACTIVITY. TXT file at the initial time of fission Mass Hr= 66 66 67 67 68 69 69 69 70 71 72 72 72 73 73 74 75 75 76 167 169 170 171 172 172 3/15/2018 Nucl 0. 00 Ni Cu Cu Ga Ga Zn-m Zn Ge Ga Zn-m Zn Ga As As Ge Se As T 1/2 sec 1. 96560 E+05 3. 06000 E+02 2. 22912 E+05 2. 81750 E+05 4. 08360 E+03 4. 95360 E+04 3. 36000 E+03 1. 41120 E+05 1. 26600 E+03 1. 42920 E+04 1. 67400 E+05 5. 07600 E+04 9. 36000 E+04 1. 75320 E+04 6. 93792 E+06 1. 53446 E+06 4. 96800 E+03 1. 03507 E+07 9. 46800 E+04 U 235 H Bq 1. 32028 E+12 8. 48086 E+14 2. 44159 E+12 5. 72476 E+04 1. 46519 E+08 8. 98617 E+10 3. 54000 E+14 2. 96916 E+04 2. 54811 E+11 1. 64557 E+13 3. 21357 E+13 1. 06689 E+14 7. 41282 E+05 5. 80785 E+14 4. 98736 E+05 6. 22469 E+07 4. 89724 E+15 1. 04467 E+05 3. 05503 E+11 U 235 T Bq 3. 30528 E+08 2. 12610 E+11 1. 45929 E+09 0. 00000 E+00 1. 92821 E+07 4. 21046 E+11 0. 00000 E+00 1. 04629 E+07 2. 07430 E+10 1. 42646 E+11 4. 70428 E+11 0. 00000 E+00 5. 24249 E+12 0. 00000 E+00 9. 74810 E+03 1. 94076 E+14 0. 00000 E+00 1. 57034 E+09 Pu 239 H Bq 2. 82852 E+11 1. 83457 E+14 3. 96960 E+11 2. 11400 E+05 4. 89867 E+08 8. 67693 E+10 9. 94955 E+13 2. 43279 E+05 4. 37022 E+11 9. 89864 E+12 1. 14655 E+13 3. 86993 E+13 7. 10476 E+06 1. 92739 E+14 2. 68850 E+06 2. 27260 E+08 1. 85007 E+15 8. 70559 E+05 5. 75792 E+11 Pu 239 T Bq 1. 00396 E+09 6. 50788 E+11 1. 81098 E+09 0. 00000 E+00 4. 50148 E+05 1. 27516 E+09 1. 57959 E+12 0. 00000 E+00 5. 53039 E+09 3. 93424 E+11 6. 40561 E+11 2. 14799 E+12 1. 58846 E+04 1. 34660 E+13 1. 85727 E+04 3. 96971 E+06 2. 48489 E+14 7. 88726 E+03 5. 26303 E+10 Cloudshine rem/h Bq/m 3 3. 81600 E-12 1. 76040 E-09 1. 76400 E-09 2. 33640 E-09 1. 54440 E-08 6. 62400 E-09 7. 16400 E-11 1. 43640 E-08 3. 02400 E-10 2. 51640 E-08 2. 22120 E-09 4. 71600 E-08 2. 97360 E-08 5. 00400 E-09 5. 58000 E-11 1. 22400 E-08 6. 40800 E-10 6. 04800 E-09 7. 41600 E-09 Groundshine rem/h Bq/m 2 1. 01880 E-14 7. 30800 E-11 3. 78000 E-11 5. 07600 E-11 3. 59640 E-10 1. 43280 E-10 7. 48800 E-12 3. 02040 E-10 3. 05280 E-11 5. 54400 E-10 4. 82400 E-11 8. 92800 E-10 6. 51600 E-10 1. 20600 E-10 1. 86480 E-12 2. 68920 E-10 2. 59200 E-11 1. 29960 E-10 1. 88640 E-10 Ho Tm Er Yb Tm Er Tm Lu 1. 11600 E+04 7. 98336 E+05 8. 12160 E+05 2. 76653 E+06 1. 11110 E+07 2. 70720 E+04 6. 05906 E+07 1. 77120 E+05 2. 28960 E+05 5. 78880 E+05 1. 49374 E+13 9. 71821 E+05 8. 65410 E+10 1. 86633 E+04 1. 11105 E+07 5. 75830 E+11 2. 61744 E+08 7. 88557 E+10 6. 49371 E+10 4. 79436 E+04 1. 99435 E+10 0. 00000 E+00 2. 64061 E+07 0. 00000 E+00 7. 82197 E+07 0. 00000 E+00 3. 90717 E+06 3. 02646 E+06 0. 00000 E+00 2. 16391 E+13 6. 25306 E+07 7. 05642 E+10 1. 00971 E+06 1. 32191 E+08 1. 09175 E+12 5. 44308 E+08 7. 02070 E+10 7. 12341 E+10 3. 23775 E+06 1. 22729 E+12 0. 00000 E+00 1. 63096 E+09 0. 00000 E+00 3. 67377 E+03 5. 22574 E+09 2. 33487 E+06 2. 48777 E+08 1. 94418 E+08 0. 00000 E+00 5. 72400 E-09 1. 94040 E-09 1. 06920 E-11 4. 06800 E-09 1. 32120 E-10 5. 90400 E-09 6. 37200 E-12 8. 24400 E-09 8. 28000 E-09 3. 11040 E-08 1. 26360 E-10 4. 71600 E-11 2. 43000 E-14 1. 00080 E-10 9. 50400 E-12 1. 38600 E-10 1. 99800 E-13 1. 78560 E-10 1. 75320 E-10 6. 33600 E-10 Air Resources Laboratory 42
CONTROL and EMISSIONS for a nuclear detonation EMITIMES CONTROL 3/15/2018 10 05 19 09 6 39. 7697 -86. 1498 1000. 0 39. 7697 -86. 1498 2000. 0 39. 7697 -86. 1498 3000. 0 39. 7697 -86. 1498 4000. 0 39. 7697 -86. 1498 5000. 0 39. 7697 -86. 1498 6000. 0 06 0 10000. 0 1 C: /hysplit 4/working/ hysplit. t 06 z. namf 3 P 005 0. 0 0. 1 00 00 00 P 010 0. 1 00 00 00 P 015 3 1. 0 0. 44 0. 0 0. 1 0. 0 00 00 0. 0 1. 0 0. 23 0. 0 0. 01 0. 0 3. 0 0. 0. / 0. 0 1. 0 cdump 0. 15 0. 0 2 0. 0 0 100 0. 0 00 00 00 01 00 YYYY MM DD HH DURATION(hhhh) #RECORDS YYYY MM DD HH MM DURATION(hhmm) LAT LON HGT(m) RATE(/h) AREA(m 2) HEAT(w) 2010 05 19 09 9999 18 2010 05 19 09 00 0006 39. 7697 -86. 1498 1000. 0 0. 2 0. 0 2010 05 19 09 00 0006 39. 7697 -86. 1498 1000. 0 0. 1 0. 0 2010 05 19 09 00 0006 39. 7697 -86. 1498 1000. 0 2010 05 19 09 00 0006 39. 7697 -86. 1498 2000. 0 0. 5 0. 0 2010 05 19 09 00 0006 39. 7697 -86. 1498 2000. 0 0. 1 0. 0 2010 05 19 09 00 0006 39. 7697 -86. 1498 2000. 0 2010 05 19 09 00 0006 39. 7697 -86. 1498 3000. 0 1. 2 0. 0 2010 05 19 09 00 0006 39. 7697 -86. 1498 3000. 0 0. 1 0. 0 2010 05 19 09 00 0006 39. 7697 -86. 1498 4000. 0 2. 5 0. 0 2010 05 19 09 00 0006 39. 7697 -86. 1498 4000. 0 0. 2 0. 0 2010 05 19 09 00 0006 39. 7697 -86. 1498 4000. 0 0. 1 0. 0 2010 05 19 09 00 0006 39. 7697 -86. 1498 5000. 0 2. 5 0. 0 2010 05 19 09 00 0006 39. 7697 -86. 1498 5000. 0 0. 2 0. 0 2010 05 19 09 00 0006 39. 7697 -86. 1498 5000. 0 0. 1 0. 0 2010 05 19 09 00 0006 39. 7697 -86. 1498 6000. 0 1. 7 0. 0 2010 05 19 09 00 0006 39. 7697 -86. 1498 6000. 0 0. 2 0. 0 2010 05 19 09 00 0006 39. 7697 -86. 1498 6000. 0 0. 1 0. 0 Air Resources Laboratory 43
Fission and Dose References for CON 2 REM • The radionculide yield per 100 fissions was taken from: T. R. England B. F. Rider, Los Alamos National Laboratory, LA-UR-94 -3106; ENDF-349 (1993) digitally tabulated and available from http: //ie. lbl. gov/fission. html • Not part of the HYSPLIT distribution, but an activity. txt file can be created for any time after the time of fission using England Rider • Radionuclide inventories were computed using the rate of 1. 45 E+23 fissions per k. T for nuclear detonations. • For thermal reactions we assume 3000 MW-hours equals 2. 58 k. T • The external dose rate for cloud- and ground-shine is computed from the factors given by Eckerman K. F. and Leggett R. W. (1996) DCFPAK: Dose coefficient data file package for Sandia National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report ORNL/TM-13347 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 44
Dose from Time-Varying Unit Emission Files TG_mmddhh CG_mmddhh DG_mmddhh SG_mmddhh dose. bin + + + activity. txt cfactors. txt mergelist. txt CONDECAY creates an concentration array element for each species on command line 3/15/2018 CON 2 REM CONCSUM Converts concentration to dose for each species assuming no decay and a unit emission Air Resources Laboratory CONMERGE Adds dose for air and ground and species to obtain total dose for each release time 45
CONDECAY processing CONDECAY -1: 1: 11025. 8: C 137 -3: 1: 8. 02330: I 131 -4: 1: 754. 020: C 134 -5: 1: 0. 86958: I 133 -6: 1: 1. 10167: B 140 -7: 1: 1. 44980: L 140 -8: 1: 3. 23000: T 132 -9: 1: 2. 18000: A 110 -10: 1: 3. 0200: NB 95 -14: 1: 5. 2474: X 133 +ecfactors +o. CG_ +t 031106 cfactors. txt YYYY 2011 2011 3/15/2018 MM I-131 p Te-132 Sn-113 3 2. 15 E+13 8. 60 E+13 2. 58 E+10 3 5. 50 E+14 2. 20 E+15 6. 60 E+11 3 2. 00 E+14 8. 00 E+14 2. 40 E+11 3 6. 00 E+13 2. 40 E+14 7. 20 E+10 3 4. 05 E+15 1. 62 E+16 4. 86 E+12 3 4. 84 E+14 2. 20 E+15 6. 60 E+11 3 1. 19 E+15 5. 40 E+15 1. 62 E+12 DD Cs-134 Ag-110 m Xe-133 14 4. 30 E+12 3. 44 E+10 8. 71 E+15 14 1. 10 E+14 8. 80 E+11 1. 01 E+16 14 4. 00 E+13 3. 20 E+11 1. 11 E+16 14 1. 20 E+13 9. 60 E+10 2. 90 E+17 14 8. 10 E+14 6. 48 E+12 3. 66 E+17 15 1. 10 E+14 8. 80 E+11 1. 97 E+17 15 2. 70 E+14 2. 16 E+12 1. 28 E+17 Air Resources Laboratory HH I-133 Nb-95 Cs-137 Ba-140 Mo-99 I-131 g La-140 Tc-99 m 9 4. 30 E+13 8. 60 E+10 4. 30 E+12 2. 15 E+11 4. 30 E+12 2. 15 E+13 2. 15 E+11 4. 30 E+12 12 1. 10 E+15 2. 20 E+12 1. 10 E+14 5. 50 E+14 5. 50 E+12 1. 10 E+14 15 4. 00 E+14 8. 00 E+11 4. 00 E+13 2. 00 E+12 4. 00 E+13 2. 00 E+14 2. 00 E+12 4. 00 E+13 18 1. 20 E+14 2. 40 E+11 1. 20 E+13 6. 00 E+13 6. 00 E+11 1. 20 E+13 21 8. 10 E+15 1. 62 E+13 8. 10 E+14 4. 05 E+15 4. 05 E+13 8. 10 E+14 0 9. 68 E+14 2. 20 E+12 1. 10 E+14 5. 50 E+12 1. 10 E+14 4. 84 E+14 5. 50 E+12 1. 10 E+14 3 2. 38 E+15 5. 40 E+12 2. 70 E+14 1. 35 E+13 2. 70 E+14 1. 19 E+15 1. 35 E+13 2. 70 E+14 46
CON 2 REM and CONCSUM processing for %%H in (1409 1412 1415 1418 1421 1500 1503 1506 1509 1512 1515 1518 1521 1600 1603 1606 1609) do ( CON 2 REM -i. CG_03%%H -o. DG_03%%H -s 1 -t 0 CONCSUM -i. DG_03%%H -o. SG_03%%H -l -p. DOSE ) match to input no decay label output CONMERGE -imergelist. txt -ofdnpp. bin 3/15/2018 activity. txt: note that all emissions = 1. 0 Mass Hr= 0001 0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 0010 Nucl 0. 00 NB 95 A 110 T 132 I 131 I 133 X 133 C 134 C 137 B 140 L 140 T 1/2 sec 3. 02000 E+06 2. 18000 E+07 2. 82000 E+05 6. 94656 E+05 7. 49000 E+04 4. 52995 E+05 6. 50000 E+07 9. 52093 E+08 1. 10160 E+06 1. 44979 E+05 Emissions Bq 1. 00000 E+00 1. 00000 E+00 Cloudshine Groundshine Inhalation rem/h Bq/m 3 rem/h Bq/m 2 rem/Bq 1. 26000 E-08 2. 62000 E-10 2. 38000 E-06 4. 57000 E-08 9. 29000 E-10 2. 38000 E-06 3. 36000 E-09 7. 63000 E-11 7. 38000 E-07 6. 08400 E-09 1. 31040 E-10 7. 38000 E-07 9. 94000 E-09 2. 22000 E-10 7. 38000 E-07 5. 00400 E-10 0. 00000 E+00 2. 54000 E-08 5. 33000 E-10 4. 63000 E-07 3. 34080 E-11 1. 07640 E-12 4. 63000 E-07 2. 90520 E-09 6. 84000 E-11 1. 03000 E-07 3. 99600 E-08 7. 77600 E-10 1. 07000 E-07 • The 4 -character radionuclide label in the activity. txt file must match the input species ID in the CG_* input file created by the command line options of condecay. Air Resources Laboratory 47
Final Dose using Time-Varying TCM Approach m. Bq/m 3 R/h 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 48
Summary Current distribution: condecay, con 2 rem, conavgpd, concsum, conmerge, c 2 array, tcsolve Source code only: con 2 dose October 2014 distribution: tcmsum Revised wet deposition (Fukushima optimized) Other relevant applications not discussed Time-of-arrival products (isochron) Peak values (conmaxv) Use the web interface to configure local version The TCM approach avoids the requirement for a new simulation for each source term variation 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 49
137 Cs Deposition Example Standard and Fine Resolution The fine grid will always show higher values near the source! 0. 05 degree grid 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 0. 005 degree grid 50
Through the WEB: https: //ready. arl. noaa. gov/hyreg-bin/dispsrc. pl 3/15/2018 Air Resources Laboratory 51
Скачать презентацию HYSPLIT Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model
29684011cdb293e8b70e5775c9cb4ee8.ppt