Hydropower 1700’s ~ n Bernard Forest de Early 1800’s Bélidor n Architecture Hydraulique,
n Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company. n Niagara Falls, New York. n Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin Late 1800, s
Bureau of Reclamation
Mid-1900’s n Industrial age n New technology n Better Construction n Bigger Budgets
Currently 1/10 of electricity, US. n 20% World electricity n
Three Gorges Dam n Over one mile long n 575 feet tall. n 25 -75 billion dollars. n 20 years of construction n Completion in 2009
Hydro-Electric Systems n Sizes- large, small, Micro n Types- Impoundment, diversion, pumped storage n Turbines- reaction and impulse n Home-Hydro-Power
In the beginning…
Chinese Casting Iron
Large Hydro-systems n Defined as greater than 30 megawatts by Department of Energy n Hoover dam- (1300 MW) n Largest in World Venezuela (10, 000 MW) n China- 18, 600 MW (2009)
Small Hydro-systems n DOE 100 kw – 30 mw n Industries, towns n Thailand (9 mw)
Micro-hydro system n DOE 0 -100 kw n Farm, home, village n Increasing in #’s Today
Impoundment Type
Diversion Type
Diversion (Brazil)
Pumped Storage Energy control- produce power on demand n 70 -80% efficency n Net electricity consumers n Can be PV and wind powered
Turbines: Reaction or Impulse n Depends on: head, flow, and pressure n Impulse- similar to water wheel (cupped Blades) Spins in the air n Reaction- used in large facilities n (Blades similar to boat propeller) Submerged in water
Impulse-type Turbine High-head usen (Vertical drop > 10 m) n n High pressure (PSI)
Reaction-type Turbine n Low-head situations (high flow/ low PSI)
Home-Micro-Hydro n How to determine power? n Watts= head x GPM/10 (53% efficiency) n Power usage- 300 -400 watts/Typical N. A. home (refrigerator, washing machine, lights, entertainment, communication- standard efficiency) n Efficient house (200 watts)
Micro-Hydro site 15 kw of power n Servicing 25 homes n $30, 000 n
Inside of Micro Turbine n 4 inch diameter impulse turbine n Creates 200 watts of power n Cost $1440
Micro-Hydro Systems n Easy and Durable n Cost of turbine/alternator $1000 -$3000 n Legal regulations
Hydropower – Pros and Cons n Current hydropower technology, while essentially emission-free, can have undesirable environmental effects, such as fish injury and mortality from passage through turbines, as well as detrimental effects on the quality of downstream water.
Fish Passage Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to the ocean. n Upstream fish passage n n Fish ladders or elevators trucks Downstream fish passage n aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes using screens or racks or even underwater lights and sounds, and by maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine.
Fish Ladder n
Water Quality and Flow n Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful to riparian habitats and is addressed using various aeration techniques. Maintaining minimum flows of water downstream of a hydropower installation is also critical for the survival of riparian habitats.
Environmentally Friendly Turbines n Environmentally friendly turbines, also called "fish friendly" turbines, aim to reduce fish mortality when passing through the turbine, while also increasing water quality by maintaining dissolved oxygen concentrations.
Pros n Control of floods and water flow n Generate electric cleanly and is renewable n Efficiency – Energy to Electricity at 90%
Cons n n n Disrupt natural flow patterns of the stream Fertilization of flood plain Fish migration Sediment and stratification Decommissioning and Dam removal Hydro licensing / re-licensing n Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the Forest Service (FS), the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the National Park Service (NPS), the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the Bureau of Reclamation (Bu. Rec), Army Corps of Engineers, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Conclusion n The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) river basin studies show a potential of 73, 200 MW of additional U. S. hydroelectric capacity
References n n n http: //www. ferc. gov/industries/hydropower/geninfo/water-power/wp-pump. asp http: //www. eere. energy. gov/windandhydro/hydro_pl ant_types. html http: //www. homepower. com/files/hp 44 -24. pdf http: //library. thinkquest. org/20331/types/hydro/type s. html Hinrichs, Kleinbach. ENERGY, Its use and the Environment, Tompson Learning, 2002.
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