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The Holocaust
The Holocaust o The Holocaust (the Shoah – Hebrew for destruction; in Greek Holocaust means “whole” + “burnt”). o Refers to the murder of 6 Million European Jews in concentration/death camps during WWII (1941 -1945). n There were 9 million Jews in Europe pre-WWII (500, 000+ lived in Germany).
The Holocaust o The word Holocaust was given to the killing of the 6 million Jews because it was a war of extermination designed to wipe out an entire group of people. n Hitler’s “Final Solution” n Systematic, deliberate genocide
The Holocaust o What was unique about Hitler’s “Final Solution of the Jewish Problem, ” was: n The Nazi’s determination to murder without exception every single Jew who came within grasp. n The fanaticism, ingenuity, and cruelty with which they pursued their goal.
The Meaning of Genocide o What does genocide mean? o Genocide is the deliberate and systematic murder/extermination of an entire racial, ethnic, religious, cultural or national group.
Non-Jewish Victims o There were also many non-Jews in concentration / death camps: n Soviet POWs n Soviet and Polish civilians n Gypsies (Roma + Sinti) n The mentally and physically ill (the disabled; the elderly) n Political enemies (communist/socialist) n Religious opponents to the Nazi party (Jehovah's Witnesses) n Anyone who was homosexual
Non-Jewish Victims o For a total of approximately 17 million people killed by the Nazis. n There were 60 million World War II deaths.
Holocaust Chronology, 1933 o Jan 30, 1933 n Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany, a nation with a Jewish population of 566, 000. o March 22, 1933 n Nazis open Dachau concentration camp near Munich, to be followed by Buchenwald near Weimar in central Germany, Sachsenhausen near Berlin in northern Germany, and Ravensbrück for women.
Holocaust Chronology, 1933 o April 1, 1933 n Nazis stage boycott of Jewish shops and businesses. o April 11, 1933 n Nazis issue a decree defining a non-Aryan as "anyone descended from non-Aryan, especially Jewish, parents or grandparents. One parent or grandparent classifies the descendant as non-Aryan. . . especially if one parent or grandparent was of the Jewish faith“ = precurser to Nuremburg Laws.
o A Jewish man wearing the yellow star (Star of David) walks along a street in Germany.
Holocaust Chronology, 1933 o July 14, 1933 n Nazi Party is declared the only legal party in Germany; the Nazis pass a law to strip Jewish immigrants from Poland of their German citizenship.
Holocaust Chronology, 1933 o July 1933 n Nazis pass law allowing for the forced sterilization of those found by a Hereditary Health Court to have genetic defects. n Eugenics = belief and practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population.
Holocaust Chronology, 1933 -1935 o Nov 24, 1933 n Nazis pass a Law against Habitual and Dangerous Criminals, which allows beggars, the homeless, alcoholics and the unemployed to be sent to concentration camps. o Sept 15, 1935 n Nuremberg Race Laws against Jews decreed.
Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935 o Deprived German Jews of their rights of citizenship, giving them the status of "subjects" in Hitler's Reich. o The laws also made it forbidden for Jews to marry or have sexual relations with Aryans. o The Nuremberg Laws had the unexpected result of causing confusion and heated debate over who was a "full Jew. "
Nuremberg Race Laws: Jew? o The Nazis settled on defining a "full Jew" as a person with three Jewish grandparents. o Those with less were designated as Mischlinge. o After the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, a dozen supplemental Nazi decrees were issued that eventually outlawed the Jews completely, depriving them of their rights as human beings.
• The white figures represent Aryans • The black figures represent Jews • The shaded figures represent Mischlinge.
Holocaust Chronology, 1938 -1939 o July 23, 1938 - Nazis order Jews over age 15 to apply for identity cards from the police; to be shown on demand to any police officer. o May 1939 - The St. Louis, a ship crowded with 930 Jewish refugees, is turned away by Cuba, the United States and other countries (including Canada) and returns to Europe. o Sept 1, 1939 - Nazis invade Poland (Jewish pop. 3. 35 million, the largest in Europe).
Holocaust Chronology, 1939 -1942 o Oct 1939 - Nazis begin sterilization, euthanasia (murder) of the sick, disabled, and mentally ill in Germany - later of any person deemed inferior. o Doctors were elevated in Nazi party - hand chosen by Hitler. o Doctors healed, killed and performed experimentation in death facilities (gassed + burnt corpses; 70, 000 mentally ill persons were killed).
Holocaust Chronology, 1939 -1942 o Gas vans and X-ray vans created so doctors could inspect people for “tuberculosis” - really were designed to kill; the bodies were dumped bodies into mass graves.
Holocaust Chronology, 1939 -1942 o Build stationary gas chambers (Belzen) and doctors discovered a new method = insecticide/cyanide – Zyklon B (Auschwitz). n Became the foremost tool of extermination (took 15 -20 minutes to die) – doctors kept up medical rouse. n Zyklon B manufactured by IG Farben = Bayer.
Holocaust Chronology, 1939 -1942 o March 7, 1941 - German Jews ordered into forced labor camps. o Oct 5, 1942 - Himmler orders all Jews in concentration camps in Germany to be sent to Auschwitz and Majdanek.
Holocaust Chronology, 1942 o January 20, 1942 – The “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” is enacted in the Wannsee Conference. o Senior officials of the Nazi German regime met in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee. o Ordered all Jews in Europe to be annihilated.
The Ideas: Beautify the World Through Violence o Beautify and purify = cleanliness in art, life, workplace, humans, etc. o Strive for a common goal = kill to make way for a new culture. o Metaphor: Jews were the microbe that infected society; were the rats, lice, vermin, pests, a cancer spreading throughout the world = had to be eliminated – non-human.
Ghettos and Camps o Recently researchers have cataloged some 42, 500 Nazi ghettos and camps throughout Europe, spanning German-controlled areas from France to Russia and Germany itself, during Hitler’s reign of brutality from 1933 to 1945. o When the research began in 2000, it was expected that perhaps 7, 000 Nazi camps and ghettos existed, based on postwar estimates.
The Warsaw Ghetto o One of the most famous photos taken during the Holocaust shows Jewish families arrested by Nazis during the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto in Poland, and sent to be gassed at Treblinka extermination camp.
Mobile Killing Units o Einsatzgruppen (aka Death Sqauds) = action group, aka “death squads”. o Formed officially in 1939. o Systematically murdered 1, 500, 000 people across Eastern Europe = predecessors of the Concentration/Death Camps.
Soviet POWs at forced labor in 1943 exhuming bodies in the ravine at Babi Yar, Ukraine. Here the Nazis had murdered over 33, 000 Jews in September of 1941.
A mass grave in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.
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Documented Camps o The documented camps include not only “killing centers” but also thousands of forced labor camps, where prisoners manufactured war supplies; prisoner-of-war camps; sites euphemistically named “care” centers, where pregnant women were forced to have abortions or their babies were killed after birth; and brothels, where women were coerced into having sex with German military personnel.
The Numbers Astound o 30, 000 slave labor camps o 1, 150 Jewish ghettos o 980 concentration camps o 1, 000 prisoner-of-war camps o 500 brothels filled with sex slaves o 1, 000 s of other camps = euthanizing the elderly and infirm, performing forced abortions, “Germanizing” prisoners or transporting victims to killing centers
Urban Examples o In Berlin alone, researchers have documented some 3, 000 camps and so-called Jew houses, while Hamburg held 1, 300 sites.
Women’s Camp
Killing Centres o A view of Majdanek, which served as a concentration camp and also as a killing center for Jews.
At Belzec death camp, SS Guards stand in formation outside the kommandant's house.
Works Makes One Free
Auschwitz, Poland
Auschwitz – Birkenau (Auschwitz I + Auschwitz II) o Initially was meant for Polish political prisoners and Soviet POWs. o Eventually became a pre-imminent death camp that processed (killed) millions of people. o Run by Rudolf Hoess.
Auschwitz o Rudolf Franz Ferdinand Hoess (Höss) (25 November 1900 – 16 April 1947) was an SSObersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel), and from 4 May 1940 to November 1943 was the commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, where it is estimated that more than a million people were murdered. o He and his family (wife + 5 children) lived right beside Auschwitz.
Hoess
Auschwitz – Birkenau (Auschwitz I + Auschwitz II) o The first extermination of prisoners took place in September 1941, and Auschwitz II–Birkenau went on to become a major site of the Nazi "Final Solution to the Jewish question".
Auschwitz o From early 1942 until late 1944, transport trains delivered Jews to the camp's gas chambers from all over German-occupied Europe. o At least 1. 1 million prisoners died at Auschwitz, around 90 percent of them Jewish; approximately 1 in 6 Jews killed in the Holocaust died at the camp.
Auschwitz o Others deported to Auschwitz included 150, 000 Poles, 23, 000 Roma and Sinti, 15, 000 Soviet prisoners of war, 400 Jehovah's Witnesses, and tens of thousands of people of diverse nationalities. o Living conditions were brutal, and many of those not killed in the gas chambers died of starvation, forced labor, infectious diseases, suicide, and medical experiments.
Auschwitz – The Arrival o People arrived to Auschwitz squished into cattle cars via the German National Railway. o Once off the trains people were separated into two different lines. o All the while, Wagner was being played live by prisoners on the platform, SS officer dogs barked viciously, and SS officers yelled = disorienting.
Auschwitz – The Arrival o In regards to the separate lines, Dr. Josef Mengele, the camp’s head doctor, sat at a table assessing the new prisoners and deciding what use they were. o Children were separated from their parents.
Auschwitz – The Arrival o He decided which line: n Left = work (capable of working to death; extermination via work). n Right = showers/“special treatment” (not useful = die immediately/extermination via gas chambers).
Camp Conditions o Prisoners were housed in primitive barracks that had no windows and were not insulated from the heat or cold. o There was no bathroom, only a bucket. o Each barrack held about 36 wooden bunkbeds, and inmates were squeezed in five or six across on the wooden plank.
Camp Conditions o As many as 500 inmates lodged in a single barrack. o Inmates were always hungry. o Food consisted of watery soup made with rotten vegetables and meat, a few ounces of bread, a bit of margarine, tea, or a bitter drink resembling coffee.
Camp Conditions o Diarrhea was common. o People weakened by dehydration and hunger fell easy victim to the contagious diseases that spread through the camp (typhoid, cholera, dysentery, influenza, etc. ). o Most prisoners at Auschwitz survived only a few weeks or months.
Products Repurposed o Many of the victims of the Nazis left behind items/products that would be redistributed and repurposed for the greater German population and the Nazi soldiers. o Included in these items was victims hair (stuffed pillows), skin (lamp shades), body fat (soap), skulls (paperweights).
Products Repurposed o Products such as shoes, clothes, gold from teeth, jewelry, prosthetics, glasses etc. were stored in a buildings at every camp. o The storage warehouses at Auschwitz. Birkenau, located near two of the crematoria, were called "Canada, " because the Poles regarded that country as a place of great riches = “the place of riches”.
A warehouse full of shoes and clothing confiscated from the prisoners and deportees gassed upon their arrival. The Nazis shipped these goods to Germany.
Nazis sift through the enormous pile of clothing left behind by the victims of a massacre (1941).
Life in a Concentration Camp o A prisoner in Dachau is forced to stand without moving for endless hours as a punishment. n He is wearing a triangle patch identification on his chest.
Identification o A chart of prisoner triangle identification markings used in Nazi concentration camps which allowed the guards to easily see which type of prisoner any individual was.
Symbol Meanings Red triangle—political prisoners. Green triangle— "professional criminals. " Blue triangle—foreign forced laborers, emigrants. Pink triangle—sexual offenders, mostly homosexual men. Purple triangle— Bible Students, Jehovah's Witnesses. Black triangle—people who were deemed "asocial elements" and "work shy" including Roma + Sinti (Gypsies), the mentally ill, Prostitutes, Drug addicts, Lesbians. o Brown triangle—Roma (Gypsies) (previously wore the black triangle). o Uninverted red triangle—an enemy POW, spy or a deserter. o o o
Identification: The Tattoo o Originally tattoos were made using a special metal stamp holding interchangeable numbers made up of needles approximately one centimeter long. o This allowed the whole serial number to be punched at one blow onto the prisoner's left upper chest. o Ink was then rubbed into the bleeding wound.
Identification: The Tattoo o When the metal stamp method proved impractical, a single-needle device was introduced, which pierced the outlines of the serial-number digits onto the skin. o The site of the tattoo was changed to the outer side of the left forearm; however, prisoners from several transports in 1943 had their numbers tattooed on the inner side of their left upper forearms.
Identification: The Tattoo o Tattooing was generally performed during registration when each prisoner was assigned a camp serial number. o Since prisoners sent directly to the gas chambers were never issued numbers, they were never tattooed. o Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941.
Identification: The Tattoo o What is significant about the tattoo form of identification? o In other words, what did it actually symbolize/mean?
Death and Imprisonment o It is estimated that 15 million to 20 million people died or were imprisoned in the various sites/camps.
Nazi Human Experiments o Nazi human experimentation was a series of medical experiments on large numbers of prisoners (many children) by the Nazi regime in its concentration camps during WWII. o German physicians carried out such experiments at Auschwitz (Dr. Josef Mengele), Dachau, Buchenwald, Ravensbrück, Sachsenhausen and Natzweiler camps.
Nazi Human Experiments o Prisoners were coerced into participating; they did not willingly volunteer and there was never informed consent. o Typically, the experiments resulted in death, disfigurement or permanent disability.
The Doctors o Dr. Eduard Wirths: n At Auschwitz and other camps, selected inmates were subjected to various experiments which were supposedly designed to help German military personnel in combat situations, develop new weapons, aid in the recovery of military personnel that had been injured, and to advance the racial ideology backed by the Third Reich. o Dr. Carl Vaernet: n Is known to have conducted experiments on homosexual prisoners in attempts to "cure" homosexuality.
The Doctors o Dr. Josef Mengele: n From 1943 -1944 performed experiments on nearly 1, 500 sets of imprisoned twins at Auschwitz, was the central leader of these experiments. n Had a double Ph. D, highly educated, civilized, normal. n Known as the “Angel of Death”. o Dr. Aribert Heim: n Conducted similar medical experiments at Mauthausen.
The Experiments List n Experiments on twins n Bone, muscle, and nerve transplantation experiments n Freezing experiments n Malaria experiments n Mustard gas experiments n Sea water experiments n Sterilization experiments n Experiments with poison n Incendiary bomb experiments n High altitude experiments
How? Why? o How could these doctors experiment so brutally and so inhumanely on their test subjects? o Why were they able to do this?
Rescuers o Despite the indifference of most Europeans and the collaboration of others in the murder of Jews during the Holocaust, individuals in every European country and from all religious backgrounds risked their lives to help Jews. o Rescue efforts ranged from the isolated actions of individuals to organized networks both small and large.
Rescuers o Bert and Anne Bochove, who hid 37 Jews in their pharmacy in Huizen, an Amsterdam suburb, in 1943 and 1944. o The two were named "Righteous Among the Nations. "
Rescuers o Oskar Schindler was an ethnic German and a member of the Nazi party who is credited with saving the lives of over 1, 200 Jews by employing them in his enamelware and ammunitions factories in Poland the Czech Republic respectively. o He was named "Righteous Among the Nations. "
Holocaust Chronology, 1945 o Jan 27, 1945 - Soviet troops liberated Auschwitz. n By this time, an estimated 2, 000 persons, including 1, 500, 000 Jews, have been murdered there. o April 29, 1945 - U. S. 7 th Army liberated Dachau.
Young survivors behind a barbed wire fence in Buchenwald.
Survivors in Mauthausen open one of the crematoria ovens for American troops who are liberating the camp.
Displaced Persons o From 1945 to 1952, more than 250, 000 Jewish displaced persons (DPs) lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. o These facilities were administered by Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA). o Among the concerns facing these Jewish DPs in the years following the Holocaust were the problems of daily life in the displaced persons camps, Zionism, and emigration.
Nuremberg Trials o The Nuremberg Trials (1945 -46) were a series of military tribunals, held by the main victorious Allied Forces of WWII, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazi Germany. o The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany at the Palace of Justice.
The Doctors’ Trials o After the war, these crimes were tried at what became known as the Doctors’ Trials (1945), and revulsion at the abuses perpetrated led to the development of the Nuremburg Code of medical ethics.
The Holocaust: Films + Documentaries o Holocaust (1978) o Jakob the Liar (1999) o Schindler's List (1993) o Sunshine (1999) o Ann Frank Remembered (1995) o Life is Beautiful (1997) o The Devil's Arithmetic (1999) o Ann Frank: The Whole Story (2001)
The Holocaust: Films + Documentaries o Conspiracy (2001) o The Pianist (2002) o The Downfall: Hitler and the End of the Third Reich (2005) o Sophie Scholl - The Final Days (2005) o I Am Still Here (MTV documentary, 2006) o The Reader (2008) o The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (2008) o Defiance (2008) o Sarah’s Key (2011)
The Secret Files o 60 Minutes: Hitler’s Secret Files (June 2007) o 12 minutes + 50 seconds o http: //www. cbsnews. com/video/watc h/? id=2972691 n&tag=mncol; lst; 9
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