http upload wikimedia org wikipedia commons 3 36 Hopetoun

http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Hopetoun_falls. jpg Hopetoun Falls, Beech Forest, near Otway National Park, Victoria, Australia MULTICULTURAL INFLUENCES IN HRD (DCE 5130)

Prof. Madya Dr. Hj. Azizan Asmuni Jabatan Pemajuan Profesional & Pendidikan Lanjutan Fakulti Pengajian Pendidikan & Timbalan Pengarah Pusat Pengembangan, Keusahawanan & Pemajuan Profesional (APEEC) 019 -2196581 azizanas@putra. upm. edu. my azmi_aa@hotmail. com

(SPECIALIZATION: Adult education and extension education) Graduate Level: 1) Principles of Adult Education 2) Multicultural Influence in HRD 3) Counseling in Multicultural Context 4) Distance Education Undergraduate Level: 5) Andragogy 6) Extension Administration 7) Policy Development 8) Japanese Language Level I – IV

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this course, the students are able to: • Identify and elaborate key elements of his/her own culture and other cultures in Malaysia/own country • Analyze and relate key elements of culture (cultural dimension) to the intracultural, intercultural, and crosscultural Malaysian workplace • Discuss and provide solution to issues and challenges in working across cultures,

SYNOPSIS: • This course emphasises the influence of multiculture on human resource development, the sensitivity of multiculture on labour force in Malaysia and at the international level, cross-cultural and intercultural management of international corporations).

COURSE CONTENT Part 1: Key elements of My Own Culture and other cultures in Malaysia 4 PARTS Part 2 Relating at the intra cultural, intercultural, cross cultural Malaysian workplace. Part 3 Issues and challenges in working across cultures, namely: - when Malaysians go abroad to work - when foreigners come to live and work in Malaysia.

COURSE CONTENT Part 1: Key elements of My Own Culture and other cultures in Malaysia o An awareness and understanding of one's own set of values and cultural assumptions, symbols, . rituals, and role models o An understanding of values of people from different ethnic groups in the country (Malays, Chinese, Indians and Others). o Cultural Similarities and Differences among Malaysians

COURSE CONTENT Part 2 Relating at the intra cultural, intercultural, cross cultural Malaysian workplace O Similarities and differences in values and underlying assumptions of people from different ethnic groups and how they are expressed through. managerial practices O A working knowledge of the business approaches, protocol, etiquette and sensitivities as observed by each ethnic group at the workplace O Acquire appropriate skills, strategies and techniques to interact with people from different ethnic groups and cultures for business and social purposes O Forces of Change: Industrialization, Westernization, Modernization, Islamization, Vision 2020, Globalization and their impact in business O Types of workplaces: Intracultural, intercultural and cross cultural O Issues and challenges at the Malaysian workplace

COURSE CONTENT Part 3 Issues and challenges in working across cultures, namely: - when Malaysians go abroad to work - when foreigners come to live and work in Malaysia. o An awareness and understanding of values and underlying assumptions of people from different cultures in business settings (Americans, . Japanese, Australians, Canadians, Germans, Swedes, etc) o A knowledge of work practices as observed in different cultures: concept of time, completed staff work, ethics, work relationships, protocol, etiquette and sensitivities as observed by each culture o Acquire appropriate skills, strategies and techniques to interact with the host culture for business and social purposes o Issues and challenges of international management o Managing cross cultural interactions in business settings

EVALUATION OF MULTICULTURAL INFLUENCES IN HRD (DCE 5130) » » » 1. Assignment 1 2. Assignment 2 3. Assignment 3 (Case Study) (Group) 3. Participation in Assignment 3 (Individual Assessment) 20% 30% 40% 10%

ASSIGMENT 1 • What is your understanding of your own value in your culture? • Identify your core value (can be more than one values). • Describe the value/s by using the key elements of culture (underlying assumption, value, symbol, ritual and hero). The assignment should be based on your own observation and experience. Some references may be useful. • (At least 15 pages. 1. 5 spacing)

ASSIGMENT 2 • How Malaysian manager manage the organization? (intracultural or intercultural organization? • Select one or two cases/activities on how manager manage the organization from cultural perpective (in terms of leadership, communication, motivating, managing conflict etc. ) The assignment can be either based on your own experience or others or a research article. • (At least 15 pages. 1. 5 spacing)

PROJECT PAPER/CASE STUDY • How foreigners manage and need to know about managing in Malaysia (Cross-cultural Organization)? • The students are expected to do a series of interview the foreigners (particular from western countries, Japan, Korea, Taiwan or Africa’s) who worked in Malaysian organizations (company, NGO, government). • At least three foreigners of managerial level should be interviewed. • Focus of the paper is how foreigners manage the organization from the cultural perspective, the

PARTICIPATION IN ASSIGNMENT 3 (INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT) • Each student will submit marks (full mark 10%) for each individual in his/her Group directly to lecturer by e-mail, sms, phone or by post after Final Exam. Your assessment will be based on his/her involvement in the Group for the completion of Assignment 3 in terms of interaction, contribution, responsibility and commitment.

REFERENCES MAIN: • Asma Abdullah (1996). Going Glocal. Malaysian Institute of Management. Shah Alam. Malaysia (Asma Abdullah (2006). Ke arah glokal : dimensi budaya dalam pengurusan Malaysia. Penterjemah Zol Azlan Hamidin. Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: ) • Asma Abdullah And Aric Low (2001). Understanding the Malaysian Workforce. Guidelines for Managers. Malaysian Institute of Management. Shah Alam. Malaysia. • Asma Abdullah( 2001). Pengaruh Nilai Kebudayaan Melayu Dalam Pengurusan Di Malaysia. Ph. D Dissertation. Fakulti Sains Kemasyarakatan Dan Kemanusiaan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HD 58. 7. A 86 2001)

REFERENCES • OTHERS 1. 2. 3. 4. Adler, N. J. and Gundersen, A. (2008). International Dimension of Organizational Behavior. (Fifth Edition. ). South-Western, Canada. Asma Abdullah and Paul B. Pedersen (2003). Understanding Multicultural Malaysia : Delights, Puzzles & Irritations. Prentice Hall, Petaling Jaya. 2003 Hofstede, G. H. and Hoftede, G. J. (2005). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Revised and Expanded 2 nd edition, UK: Mc. Graw Hill. Schein, E. H. (1997). Organizational Culture and Leadership, Jossey. Bass, UK

CULTURE -DEFINITION

CULTURE -definitions (Sociologists ) • as regularities based on interaction — norms for behavior, long standing and widely held values, beliefs and practices -as stable. • Society -social relationships existing at a given point in time • Boudon et. al 1989

CULTURE -definitions (Anthropologists ) • as including THINGS as well as the attitudes, values, and beliefs • behavioral traits + all produced artifacts - tools, art, books and texts etc • Not stable - constant process of change • Malinowski (founders of Anthropology)

CULTURE -definitions (Anthropologists ) How do Cultures? I. Growth technological growth population growth evolution? Knowledge development Internal contradictions (feminism, civil rights movement) II. Culture contact (change (cultural diffusion)) diffusion - spread, trade, war Invasion succession acculturation assimilation III. Decay Cultural Genocide Transformation into something different Decline and decadence

CULTURE -definitions (Humanities )(CARE) • cult (Latin)-tend, care for • Cultus -care cultivation • "An educated man is not always a cultured man, although a cultured man is usually educated. . . the cultured man is not merely the knowledgeable man, but the man who uses his knowledge humanely“(Ashley Montagu) • a study of achievement and development or the higher aspects of civilization- arts, architecture, music, dance, literature, history, and philosophy etc.

• "The total, generally organized way of life, including values, norms, institutions, and artifacts, that is passed on from generation to generation by learning alone. " • http: //courses. ed. asu. edu/margolis/spf 301. ht ml

• Koentjaraningrat (1970) • Kebudayaan berasal daripada perkataan Sanskrit 'buddhayah' iaitu bentuk jamak dari 'buddhi' yang bererti 'budi' atau 'akal'. Kebudayaan dapat diertikan sebagai 'hal-hal yang bersangkutan dengan akal'. • "keseluruhan dari kelakuan dan hasil kelakuan manusia yang teratur oleh tatakelakuan yang harus diperoleh dengan cara belajar. "

• Edward B. Taylor ( 1871) "satu keseluruhan sistem yang kompleks yang mengandungi ilmu pengetahuan, kepercayaan, kesenian, kesusilaan, undang , adat resam dan kebolehan lain, serta kebiasaan yang diperoleh manusia sebagai anggota masyarakatnya. "

• Lucy Mair (1965) "milik bersama sesuatu masyarakat yang mempunyai tradisi yang sama. " Horskovit "is a way of life atau satu cara hidup. "

• Budaya itu adalah satu cara hidup yang merujuk kepada tamadun sesuatu masyarakat yang diwarisi dan bersifat dinamik. Di samping itu ada unsur menerima dan menolak yang dipraktikkan oleh sesuatu masyarakat dalam satu keseluruhan kehidupan yang meliputi ilmu pengetahuan, kepercayaan, kesenian, kesusilaan, adat resam, undang-undang, ekonomi, dan sistem simbol yang menjadi milik bersama.

SCHEIN’S definition of culture • shared solutions to universal problems of external adaptation (how to survive) and internal integration (how to stay together) - which have evolved over time and are handed down from one generation to the next – Schein, 1985 • emic, universal problems where the solution is unique for a particular group , etic • why do people behave as they do? • Basic assumption, WELTANSCHAUUNG

DEFINING CULTURE ……. the collective programming of the body, mind and spirit which distinguishes members of one group (nation, ethnic group, company or category) of people from another. (born into, assimilation, acculturation, immersion)(Asmah, 1996) is learned behavior and is transmitted by education

KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE 1. Symbols (Simbol) 2. Rituals (Upacara amal) 3. Heroes (Peranan Ketua/Wira) 4. Values (Nilai) 5. Underlying Assumptions (Andaian Dasar)

ICEBERG

THE ICEBERG ANALOGY OF CULTURE Delights Symbols, Rituals and heroes Seen, Explicit Unseen, Implicit Puzzles and Irritations Values and Underlying Assumptions

Conscious Symbols, rituals and role models Unconscious Values and Underlying assumptions The roots Akar umbi

1. SYMBOLS

2. RITUALS

3. HEROES Lim Goh Tong

KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE SYMBOLS What we can see and hear…language, objects, jargon, objects, ways of dressing RITUALS How do we do things…meetings, celebrations ROLE MODELS Who are our heroes/heroines PRACTICES Overt behaviors to demonstrate values VALUES What we believe in. . shoulds, oughts, and musts inferred from our behaviours PRACTICES Overt behaviors to demonstrate values UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS ways of perceiving, thinking and evaluating the world around us

4. VALUES • • • Ex: Harmony, Family centeredness Respect for elders, Polite behavior Humility, Religious, Prosperity Hardwork, Shame, Wealth, Risk taking, Champion of causes, Teamwork

5. UNDERLYING ASSUMPTION • • We Harmony Relationship Hierarchy Shame High context communication Polychronic time orientation Religious/Spritual

LINKING KEY ELEMENT OF CULTURE SAFETY (VALUE) WEALTH, philanthropy (VALUE)

KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE: Malay Symbols Malay house, verandah. color green, salam, songkok, selendang, keris. Kiss hand of elders Rituals Greetings, salutations, praying slaughtering/halal food, eating with fingers, Open House for Hari Raya, adat formalities protocol Heroes Penghulus, Imam, village elders, Dr Mahathir Mohamed, Values Harmony, Family centeredness, Respect for elders, Polite behavior, Humility, Modesty, Showing gratitude, Religious Underlying assumptions: Man’s relationship with Nature Eco-friendly, harmony with others Man’s relationship with people Relationship orientation, Group oriented, Shame driven, Hierarchical Man’s relationship with God Belief in both acquired and revealed knowledge

KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE: Symbols Chinese Fengshui, Red color, Dragon, Tiger, Lantern, Expensive cars Rituals Tea ceremony, Lion dance, Cheng beng ceremony, Joystick praying, Reunion dinners Heroes Confucius, scholars, Educators, Sun Tzu, businesspersons, Parents Values Education, Prosperity, Harmony, Family centeredness, Respect for elders, Hardwork, Shame, Wealth, Face saving, Food, Risk taking Underlying assumptions: Man’s relationship with Nature Harmony driven Man’s relationship with people Relationship orientation, Man’s relationship with God Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism

KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE: Indians Symbols Banana leaf, coconut leaves, sarees, pottu, kolam Rituals Offering garlands, chewing beetle leaves, bangle ceremony Heroes Parents, film stars, spiritual figures, teachers, union leaders Values God fearing, Spirituality, Harmony, Family centeredness, Respect for elders, Hardwork, Champion of causes Underlying assumptions: Man’s relationship with Nature Harmony driven Man’s relationship with people Relationship orientation, Hierarchical Man’s relationship with God Karma, Hinduism

KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE: Americans Symbols Eagle - freedom, strength, individuality, Flag. Big Mac, Disney, Coke Rituals Holidays. Independence Day, Thanks giving, Going to Church on Sundays Heroes Founding fathers, Martin Luther King, Athletes, Entertainers Values Task orientation, Individualism, Punctuality, Money, Privacy, Competitiveness, Underlying assumptions: Man’s relationship with Nature Control, Mastery Man’s relationship with people Individualism, Task driven, Monochronic time, Low context, Guilt, Equality Man’s relationship with God Secular

CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN UNDERSTANDING MALAYSIANS Anglos n: 1000 Malaysians @asma

Part 4 Key concepts and theories in the field of cross cultural/multicultural mgt. Accommodation Acculturation Affirmative action Assimilation Assumptions Attribution theory Collectivism Colonization Consensus Context: Low/ High Control Corporate Cross cultural Culture Diversity Egalitarian Emic-Etic Ethnocentricism Face saving Globalization Guilt Harmony Hierarchy Homogeneity Indigenization Individualism Industrialization Ingroup-outgroup Intercultural Internalization Intracultural Locus of control: Localization Modernity Modernization Monochronic time Multicultural Particularism Polychronic time Power distance Related self Relationship orientation Rituals Role models/heroes Secular Sensitivity Separated self Shame Socialization Symbolic conformity Symbols Task orientation Uncertainty avoidance Universalism Values Westernization

Terima Kasih Tashako ur (Mammnoun& Xie Merci ) Nandree mamnon Shukran Thank You @asma

http upload wikimedia org wikipedia commons 3 36 Hopetoun_falls jpg Hopetoun Falls Beech