How to Write Research Papers for Publication (In English) Won Kim December 18, 2008
Contents n n Publishing Papers Paper Writing Techniques n n n Contents Style English Skills n n Using English Learning English
Publishing Papers
Why People Publish Papers n n n To Advance Existing Knowledge To Set the Direction of a Field Significance of the Contributions Is Important n not the number of papers
Selecting a Venue n Considerations n n n venue’s main theme venue’s competitiveness venue’s review cycle paper’s strength travel budget Your Advising Professor Should Decide. n n n top SCI journal accidental SCI journal top intl conference in an exotic location Korea journal Korea conference
Managing Paper Submission n n Check Paper Status After Submission. Decision n n Thank the editor. Revision n Address every single comment from the reviewers. Offer clear explanations for those comments you will not accept. Thank the editor and referees.
Submitting a Paper: Cover Letter Dear Prof. (Dr. ) “EDITOR or PC CHAIR”: We hereby submit a paper titled “TITLE”, authored by “AUTHORS”, for publication consideration in “JOURNAL or CONFERENCE”. Thank you for your consideration. Sincerely, “CONTACT AUTHOR”
Claims Not To make n n The Reviewers and/or Editors Misunderstood Your Paper. Your paper Was Rejected Due To Poor English or Because You are an Asian. n The reason is poor contents and/or poor overall presentation.
Paper Writing Techniques
Contents
To Appeal to Reviewers n Make It Easy to Understand n what the paper is about n n that the paper has merit n n (what the problem is) (what your solution is) (how much better your solution is) (that you have validated your solution) that the work is original
To Make the Paper Easy to Understand n n n Organize the Results Organize the Paper Follow the Guidelines for Each Part of the Paper n Use Good Style n Use Clear English
Organizing a Paper to Appeal to Reviewers n n n Good Title Good Abstract Perfect Introduction n 심사는 여기에서 사실상 완료 Good “Main Body” Good References
Successive Condensing of a Paper n n Main Body n Introduction n Abstract n Title Write Paper In This Order
Writing Guidelines (1/4) n Title n n n (grab reader’s attention) 1 line Abstract n n n brief highlight of the problem and solution and merit of the solution avoid undefined terms, concepts, mention of future research under 10 -15 lines
Writing Guidelines (2/4) n Introduction n n (determines the fate of the paper) describe the problem area describe the problem provide a brief hilight of key prior art describe the solution (approach) describe the results and merit of the results describe the applicability of the solution list key assumptions organization of the paper keep under 1 -3 pages
Writing Guidelines (3/4) n Main Body n n n n (organize, present, and illustrate the results) break into multiple parts move gradually from easy & simple concepts to difficult & complex details use a simple but encompassing running example to illustrate key concepts and definitions use visual aids to summarize key concepts and results make the entire main body flow from start to end include clear references to and distinction from prior art
Writing Guidelines (4/4) n Conclusion n n (not so important) brief summary of the problem and solution and merit of the solution subjects of/directions for further research References n n (demonstrate sound knowledge of the prior art) include all major, recent, relevant work include relevant key papers by anticipated reviewers include only publicly accessible work (exclude confidential reports, payment-required manuals, etc. )
Style
쉽고 거품 없이 n n 쉽게 읽을 수 있는 단어, 표현, 문장 지향 불필요한 단어, 문장, 예제, 정의, 그림, 도 표, 참조문헌, Subsection, Section, 등 배 제
쉬운 단어, 표현, 문장 지향 n n n 짧은 문장 사용 Parsing 유의 직관적 도우미 사용
치장하기 n n n Layout, Spacing, Font 선정 총체적 Consistency 유지 Appearance 관행 유지
Spacing n Indentation for Paragraphs. n n no indentation for the first paragraph in a section/subsection. Spacing Between Sections/Subsections. Spacing Between a Visual Aid and Main Text. Margins n top, bottom, left, right
Consistency (1/2) n n n Spacing, Paragraph Indentation, Font Size & Style, Colors, Use of English or Korean, … Column Format (Justify, Left/Right Ragged, Center), Figure Numbering & Captioning, … (When Using English) Upper Case and Lower Case, Acronyms, …
Consistency (2/2) n Headers for Sections and Subsections n n n capitalization formatting Visual Aid Captions n n top or bottom of the visual aid centerize
Appearance 문제 n n “Lead-In”문장 없는 Section/Subsection “Widow” n n 도움되지 않는 Visual Aids n n section header at the end of a page a single line of a paragraph at the end of a page a figure caption separated from the figure in a different page 잘 보이지 않거나 내용이 너무 복잡하거나 본문에 설명이 없는 부호, acronym 등이 포함된 본문에서 Reference되지 않는 Visual Aids
Paper Writing Process n n n 0. Create a Skeletal Structure for the Main Body. 1. Write the Main Body (and Appendixes). 2. Write the References 3. Write the Introduction. 4. Write the Abstract. 5. Pick a Title for the Paper. 6. Write the Conclusion. 7. Write the Acknowledgments, Keywords 8. Run the Paper Through Spell-Checker. 9. Forget About the Paper for a Few Days. 10. To Review and Edit the Entire Paper, Repeat Steps 19, Once or Twice. n Fix all mistakes and make presentation improvements: conceptual mistakes, typing mistakes, presentation shortcomings, …
English Skills
Using English
Stretch Limited English Skills (1/2) n n Make Sure Each Sentence/Paragraph is Understandable to Someone Who Knows Less Than You. Avoid Using English. n Make Effective Use of Visual Aids (Figures, Tables, Charts…) n n n Write in Korean Translate Korean Paper to English Paper. n n “A Picture Is Worth A Thousand Words” Do not drop sentences or paragraphs. Keep Sentences Short. n n Keep grammatical structure simple. Keep each sentence within 1 -2 lines.
Stretch Limited English Skills (2/2) n 아래 사항을 신경 쓰지 않으면 n n n n 논문이 촌스러워 보이게 되고, 저자는 두 자리 IQ라고 단정되고, 논문을 탈락시키던지, 읽지 않기로 결정함) Respect the Basic English Grammar Avoid Elementary Mistakes Respect the “Prepositions” (힘듦) Respect the “Articles” (불가능)
Learning English
Observe and Imitate n Learning a Foreign Language Takes Imitating the Natives. n n how they write how they pronounce slang expressions body language
Elementary Mistakes by Korean Students n Nonsense/Bizarre Sentences n n Non-Existent Plural Forms of Nouns n n n “In an information society, information systems are important. ” “The followings are …” “We made researches on. . . ” “For future works. . . ” “There are many informations …” “many softwares and hardwares” Non-Existent Phrases n “list up”, “pass over”, “version up”, “level up”
The Preposition Problem n Use of Wrong Prepositions n n “uncomfortable”, “dumb”, or “hilarious” “sit on the table” “look for me” vs. “look at me” “come for me” vs. “come at me”
To Survive the Preposition Problem n Memorize About 200 Expressions with Frequently Used Prepositions n n n “research into (on)” “discussion of (on)” “is comprised of”, “is composed of”, “consists of” “take into account”, “accounts for” “amenable to” “is transformed into”, “is converted to”
The “Deadly” Article Problem n n n A (An), The, (absence of A, The) An Incurable Korean National Disease “We are preparing for the landing. ” “Use of a computer has changed world during last 20 years. ” “White House scrambled to cover bases in wake of national calamity. ”
To Survive The Article Problem n Perfect Solution n Be Born and Raised in the US Americans’ rule on the use of articles: n “It is correct if we feel comfortable. ” Approximate Solution n Memorize about 500 cases from good papers. When outside these cases, “evade” the problem. If everything fails, take a “ 33% gamble” and pray.
Evading the Article Problem (1/3) n Use a pronoun or adjective n n We will present the results of our research. We will present our research results.
Evading the Article Problem (2/3) n Use the plural form n n The mission of the CDC is to combat disease. The mission of the CDC is to combat all types of diseases.
Evading the Article Problem (3/3) n Use alternate words or expressions n n The popularity of Internet-based auctions has exposed the need for trusted payment schemes. The popularity of Internet-based auctions has made trusted payment schemes necessary.
End of Presentation Good Luck with Your Research And Paper Publication.
Abstract Nouns n Do not use “a” (or the plural ‘s’) n n n information, research, evidence, knowledge, common sense, comfort, support, progress, power, peace, happiness, … audio, video, software, hardware, legislation, … But n n a (push, pull, willingness, understanding, excitement, …) (no plural form) video(s)
Expressions n n n combat disease go to war go to prison (jail) come in contact run for re-election file for bankruptcy protection n n n take a walk (hike) keep an eye out ring a bell in a sense at a loss at a cost out on a limb
Specific Concept/Object n n n n n the best (worst) the first (last, final) the. . est (smartest, busiest, …) the most (least) the next (above, previous) the former (latter) the only (sole) the (zenith, summit, pinnacle, nadir, center, epicenter, centerpiece, crux, core, root, …) the (limit, final, capital, edge, periphery, essence, top, bottom, …)
The _ Of _ (90% Rule) n n the number of apples the power of music He is a man of his words. She is in a position of influence.
Special Nouns n the Internet n n n n n Internet technology the (World Wide) Web the state of the art in the literature on (to) the left (right) the world (globe) the same the whole the entire
Special Nouns n n n the sky the air the wind the clouds (over) the rainbow the sun (moon, Red planet) the Earth (earth) the stars the planets the universe the space n the West (East, Mid. West, north, south, …)
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