How to Navigate this Presentation This is hidden

Скачать презентацию How to Navigate this Presentation This is hidden

8bbca54bcf181488548c1ab16ad6b48c.ppt

Количество слайдов: 74

How to Navigate this Presentation This is hidden during Slide Show Mode Title Slide Notes: 1. The left hand column is the 11 main slides 21 st Century Challenge 2. The blue boxes and bi-directional arrows denote go/return hyperlinks to more information on each of the topics in the boxes to the right China Factoid 3. Each hyperlinked box on the right contains a table of contents to the particular addenda with its own go/return hyperlinks between it and the table of contents. Boundary Conditions The Solution 4. The hyperlinks are located just above the EPRI logo (as shown here) as either More… or …Back The Vision Concept Nuclear Power Nuclear…More Hydricity Super. Cable…More Hydricity Economy Hydrogen…More EPRI SG Initiative EPRI…More Proverbs hyperlinks 1 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Energy Super. Grid (Executive Briefing) For: By:

The 21 st Century Energy Challenge Design a communal energy economy to meet the needs of a densely populated industrialized world that reaches all corners of Planet Earth. Accomplish this within the highest levels of environmental, esthetic, safe, reliable, efficient and secure engineering practice possible. …without requiring any new scientific discoveries or breakthroughs! 3 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

China “Factoid” • Current Population: 1. 3 Billion Souls • All want to live like Americans • • Chinese Family Priorities: – (1) TV, (2) Washer, (3) Fridge… – Next an Air Conditioner (200 USD, 1 k. W) Assume an average family size of three, then… An extra 500 GW of generation capacity must be added just to keep them cool! 4 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

“Boundary Conditions” • Givens – Energy Efficiency – Recycle Everything • Off-the-Table: Eco-invasive Power Generation – All Fossils (CO 2 –forced climate change) • Carbon Sequestration – Baseline Renewables • Massive “Farms” – Wind, Solar, Biomass • On-the-Table – Nuclear Fission Baseline Generation – Underground Energy Transmission Corridors – Solar Roofs – Urban/Agro Biomass 5 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Solution A Symbiosis of Nuclear/Hydrogen/Superconductivity Technologies supplying Carbon-free, Non-Intrusive Energy for all Inhabitants of Planet Earth Super. Grids & Super. Cities 6 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Vision Concept Supermarket School H 2 Home Family Car Nuclear plant DNA-to-order. com 7 H 2 • Nuclear Power can generate both electricity and hydrogen – “Hydricity” • Hydricity can be distributed in underground pipelines like natural gas • The infrastructure can take the form of a Super. Grid • …or a Super. City HTSC/Mg. B 2 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Implementation HTGCR Nuclear Power • Gen IV High Temperature Gas. Cooled Reactors can make electricity the old fashioned way by spinning turbines • The same reactor can make hydrogen from water in two ways… Using its own electricity output to perform electrolysis… 2 H 2 O → 2 H 2 + O 2 Or with heat drawn from the reactor… 2 H 2 O → 2 H 2 + O 2 900 C 8 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. More…

Implementation The Hydricity Super. Cable Dual Delivery of Hydrogen and Electric Power Flowing liquid hydrogen or cold H 2 gas under pressure delivers power and also serves as the refrigerant to … Enable the transmission of large amounts of electric power losslessly using superconductors Thermal Insulation Electrical Insulation I 9 I Enclosed in underground tunnel or trench More… Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Implementation The Hydricity Economy Hydrogen for: – Personal Transportation – Storage of Electricity – Industrial Thermal/Chemical Processing – Residential/Commercial Heating 10 Electricity for: - Just about everything else! Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. More…

The EPRI Super. Grid Initiative • Promote public awareness and acceptance of the symbiosis between nuclear, hydrogen and superconductivity as the optimal long term national energy technology strategy • Enlist the aid and alignment of energy policy and programmatic institutions within Federal and State governments toward this end. • Encourage the focus of the nation’s intellectual assets…national academies, universities and national laboratories…on the three major Super. Grid technologies and the interface between each, and to evaluate the sociological as well as technical issues that will arise as they are deployed. • On behalf of EPRI’s constituency, undertake and support demonstration of selected Super. Grid component technologies. More… 11 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Super. Grid Executive Presentation Supplemental Material • Nuclear Power • Superconductivity • Hydrogen • The EPRI Program 14 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Nuclear Power • Diablo Canyon Wind Farm • Particle/Pebble Nuclear Fuel • HTGCR (High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors) • What is a Pebble Bed Reactor? (MIT) • ESKOM Pebble Bed Modular Reactor • Co-Production of Hydrogen and Electricity • Reprocessing at Rokkosho • Breeder Reactor Technology • Internationally Monitored Retrieval Storage System (IMRSS) Back… 16 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is a Pebble Bed Reactor (MIT)? • 360, 000 pebbles in core • about 3, 000 pebbles handled in FHS every day • about 350 pebbles discarded daily • one pebble discharged every 30 seconds • average pebble cycles through core 15 times • fuel-handling most intensive part of plant http: //web. mit. edu/pebble-bed/ 21 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. …Back

Eskom Pebble Bed Modular Reactor • Helium gas cooled (Brayton Cycle) – Won’t melt down – Direct turbine drive • “Baseball” packaged fuel – Continuous fuel replenishment and removal – Theoretical 100% availability • Modular Design – Scalable: 100 – 500 MW units – High safety and security factor • Economical – 1. 2 cents/k. Wh … cheaper than coal http: //www. eskom. co. za/nuclear_energy/pebble_bed. html …Back 22 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Nuclear “Hydricity” Production Farm Hydrogen Storage Generated Electricity Hydrogen Storage Source: General Atomics …Back 24 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

JNFL Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant • $20 B, 5 Year Project • 800 mt U/yr • 1 mt U -> 50 kg HLW http: //www. jnfl. co. jp/english/contact/visitor-center. html 26 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. …Back

IMRSS • Internationally Monitored Retrievable Storage System (a proposal by Chauncey Starr) – Take control of all material exiting cooling ponds – Provide transportation to (a few) storage locations – Use “banking” paradigm – Title remains with nation of origin – Withdrawal allowed for recycling or burial – All activity monitored by IAEA • Financed by nuclear industry per MWh charge on participating nations http: //www. cosmos-club. org/journals/1996/carter. html …Back 28 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hydricity Super. Cables • Hydricity Delivery Circuits • Hydrogen Fluid Properties • Super. Cable Monopole • Fluid Friction Losses • Relative Power Flows • US Natural Gas Imports • 1000 MWe/500 MWh • Electricity Generation by Source • Radiative Thermal Losses • Canadian World View • Heat Removal • Mackenzie Valley Gas Pipeline • Super. Cable Monopole (Alt) • MVP Specifications • 5 GWe/10 GWh (Alternative) • Natural Gas End Use • Hydricity Scaling Factor • Gas Pipeline Construction • Super. Cable Hydrogen Storage • LNG Super. Cable • Hydrogen Energy Density • Wellhead LNG + Electricity • Supercritical H 2 Super. Cable • It’s 2030 • Supercritical H 2 Super. Cable (Alt) • American Pipedream Back… 30 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

“Hydricity” Super. Cables: “Proton/Electron Power (PEP) to the People” +v I H 2 Circuit -v #1 Multiple circuits can be laid in single trench 31 I +v I H 2 Circuit -v #2 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. I Back…

Relative Power Flows PSC = 2|V|JASC, where Electricity PSC = Electric power flow V = Voltage to neutral (ground) J = Supercurrent density ASC = Cross-sectional area of superconducting annulus PH 2 = 2(Qρv. A)H 2, where Hydrogen PH 2 = Chemical power flow Q = Gibbs H 2 oxidation energy (2. 46 e. V per mol H 2) ρ = H 2 Density v = H 2 Flow Rate A = Cross-sectional area of H 2 cryotube Back… 33 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Electricity (1000 MW) & Hydrogen (500 MW) Electricity Power (MW) Voltage (V) Current (A) Critical Current Density (A/cm 2) Annular Wall Thickness (cm) 1000 +/- 5000 100, 000 25, 000 0. 125 Hydrogen (LH 2, 20 K) Power (MW) 500 Inner Pipe Diameter, H 2 Flow Rate (m/sec) DH 2 (cm) 10 3. 81 “Equivalent” Current Density (A/cm 2) 318 Back… 34 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Thermal Losses WR = 0. 5εσ (T 4 amb – T 4 SC), where WR = Power radiated in as watts/unit area σ = 5. 67× 10 -12 W/cm 2 K 4 Tamb = 300 K TSC = 20 K ε = 0. 05 per inner and outer tube surface DSC = 10 cm WR = 3. 6 W/m Radiation Losses Superinsulation: WRf = WR/(n-1), where n = number of layers Target: WRf = 0. 5 W/m requires ~10 layers Other addenda (convection, conduction): WA = 0. 5 W/m WT = WRf + WA = 1. 0 W/m 35 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Back…

Heat Removal d. T/dx = WT/(ρv. CPA)H 2, where d. T/dx = Temp rise along cable, K/m WT = Thermal in-leak per unit Length ρ = H 2 Density v = H 2 Flow Rate CP = H 2 Heat Capacity A = Cross-sectional area of H 2 cryotube Take WT = 1. 0 W/m, then d. T/dx = 1. 89 10 -5 K/m, Or, 0. 2 K over a 10 km distance Back… 36 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hydricity Scaling Factor Dimensionless, geometry-independent scaling factor defines relative amounts of electricity/hydrogen power flow in the Super. Cable: “Energy Density” “Pressure” Back… 39 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Super. Cable H 2 Storage Some Storage Factoids Power (GW) Storage (hrs) Energy (GWh) TVA Raccoon Mountain 1. 6 20 32 Alabama CAES 1 20 20 Scaled ETM SMES 1 8 8 One Raccoon Mountain = 13, 800 cubic meters of LH 2 in 10 cm diameter, 250 mile bipolar Super. Cable = Raccoon Mountain Back… 40 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hydrogen Mass-Density Energy Content H 2 Gas at 77 K and 1850 psia has 50% of the energy content of liquid H 2 and 100% at 6800 psia Back… 41 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Supercritical H 2 Super. Cable Electrical Insulation “Super. Insulation” Liquid Nitrogen @ 77 K Superconductor Supercritical Hydrogen @ 77 K 1000 – 7000 psia Back… 42 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Supercritical H 2 Super. Cable (Alternative) HV Insulation “Super. Insulation” Flowing High Pressure Hydrogen Gas DH DO Al Al “core” of diameter DC wound with HTSC tape ts thick Superconductor “Conductor” 43 Flowing liquid N 2 cryogen in flexible tube, diameter DN Back… Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fluid Properties Comparison of Liquid to Gaseous Hydrogen Transporting 500 MWt in a 10 -cm Diameter Pipe T P 2/ V Re K psia kg/m 3 Pa×s ndyne m/s 106 20 14. 7 70. 8 13. 6 261 4 2. 08 77 1850 35. 4 5. 6 87 8 5. 06 Thus, it takes only 0. 5 dynes “push” on an object with the above Reynolds Numbers on the gas to overcome viscous forces exerted by the given fluid Back… 44 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fluid Friction Losses Wloss = M Ploss / , Where M = mass flow per unit length Ploss = pressure loss per unit length = fluid density e = 0. 015 mm (stainless steel) Wloss (W/m) 22 K 0. 72 77 K 1. 30 Back… 45 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

MVP Specs Pipeline Length 1220 km (760 mi) Diameter 30 in (76 cm) Gas Pressure 177 atm (2600 psia) Pressurization Stations ~250 km apart Flow Velocity 5. 3 m/s (12 mph) Mass Flow 345 kg/s Volume Flow 1. 6 Bcf/d (525 m 3/s) Power Flow 18 GW (HHV Thermal) Construction Schedule 2006 - 2010 Employment 25, 000 Partners Esso, APG, C-P, Shell, Exxon Cost $18 B (all private) Back… 50 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

2004 Natural Gas End Use Schoenung, Hassenzahl and Grant, 1997 (5 GW on HTSC @ LN 2, 1000 km) Why not generate this electricity at the wellhead? Back… 51 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

LNG Super. Cable Design for eventual conversion to high pressure cold or liquid H 2 Electrical Insulation “Super. Insulation” Thermal Barrier to LNG Liquid Nitrogen @ 77 K Superconductor LNG @ 105 K 1 atm (14. 7 psia) Back… 53 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Wellhead LNG + Electricity MVP Scenario Electricity Conversion Assumptions Wellhead Power Capacity 18 GW (HHV) Fraction Making Electricity 33% Thermal Power Consumed 6 GW (HHV) Left to Transmit as LNG 12 GW (HHV) CCGT Efficiency 60% Electricity Output 3. 6 GW (+/- 18 k. V, 100 k. A) Super. Cable Parameters for LNG Transport CH 4 Mass Flow (12 GW (HHV)) 230 kg/s @ 5. 3 m/s LNG Density (100 K) 440 kg/m 3 LNG Volume Flow 0. 53 m 3/s @ 5. 3 m/s Effective Pipe Cross-section 0. 1 m 2 Effective Pipe Diameter 0. 35 m (14 in) Back… 54 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

It’s 2030 • The Gas runs out! • We have built the LNG Super. Cable years before • Put HTCGR Nukes on the now empty gas fields to make hydrogen and electricity (some of the electricity infrastructure, e. g. , I/C stations, already in place) • Enable the pre-engineered hydrogen capabilities of the LNG Super. Cable to now transport protons and electrons. Back… 55 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Hydrogen Economy • US Oil Imports (2003) • The Hydrogen Economy (Bush, SOTU 2003) Hydrogen for US Surface Transportation The "25% 80 -80 -80 400 GW" Scenario • Hydrogen: “You have to make a lot of it!” • Hydrogen: “Generation by Renewable Electricity” • Hydrogen: “Water Requirements” Back… 58 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hydrogen The Hydrogen Economy • You have to make it, just like electricity • Electricity can make H 2, and H 2 can make electricity (2 H 2 O 2 H 2 + O 2) • You have to make a lot of it • You can make it cold, - 419 F (21 K) P. M. Grant, “Hydrogen lifts off…with a heavy load, ” Nature 424, 129 (2003) Back… 60 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hydrogen for US Surface Transportation “You have to make a lot of it” The "25% 80 -80 -80 400 GW" Scenario Factoids & Assumptions Daily consumption of gasoline and diesel by US cars & Trucks Effective Otto Cycle Efficiency (Useful conversion to drive chain) Water Electrolysis Efficiency (Source Electricity-to-Hydrogen) 8. 6 Billion barrels/day 25 % 80 % (aggressive) Fuel Cell Efficiency (Onboard Hydrogen-to-Electricity) 80 % (very aggressive) Conversion/drive chain Efficiency 80 % (nominal) Additional Electric Generation Plant Capacity for Hydrogen Vehicles 400 GW Back… 61 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hydrogen for US Surface Transportation: Generation by Renewable Electricity The "25% 80 -80 -80 400 GW" Scenario Land Area Required to Supply by Renewables Technology Area (km 2) Equivalent Wind 130, 000 New York State Solar 20, 000 50% Denmark Death Valley + Mojave Biomass 271, 915 3% USA State of Nevada Back… 62 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hydrogen for US Surface Transportation: Water Requirements The "25% 80 -80 -80 400 GW" Scenario Hydrogen per Day Tonnes Shuttles Hindenburgs 230, 000 2, 225 12, 787 Water per Day Tonnes Surface Meters of Lake Tahoe 2, 055, 383 0. 93 Back… 63 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EPRI Super. Grid Initiative • Background 2006 and Beyond… • Nuclear • Power Delivery and Markets • Generation • Environment • Publications and Presentations – 2000 – 2002 – 2003 – 2004 – 2005 65 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Back…

The EPRI Super. Grid Initiative Background • Underlying concepts studied under Innovator Circle projects throughout 2000 – 2002 • Super. Grid vision presented to American Nuclear Society in 2001 by Chauncey Starr • Super. Grid Program assigned to VP Nuclear in 2003 • Work Product, 2000 - 2005 – Publications/Presentations (Listed Separately) – Super. Grid I National Workshop (2002) – Super. Grid II National Workshop (2004) – Superconducting DC Cable Workshop (2005) – Outreach to Public Interest Institutions (2000 – 2005) Back… 66 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EPRI Super. Grid Initiative 2006 and Beyond - Nuclear • Coordinate EPRI Hydrogen/Electricity Co-Gen for Super. Grid with INEL and DOE NO • Reprise LANL study on underground Gen IV nuclear plants • Assess long-term viability of actinide fuel resources…reprocessing, breeding, sea water extraction and heavy water by-product from hydrogen production • Assess potential of Alternative Fusion Fuel Technologies – ITER program focuses on D-D fusion which results in high energy neutrons and radioactive by-products – D - 3 He reaction produces charged alpha particles to produce electricity directly without radioactivity – Large 3 He resources exist on the moon and their recovery is one objective of the Chinese lunar program Back… 67 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EPRI Super. Grid Initiative 2006 and Beyond - Power Delivery & Markets • “Conventional” superconducting DC cable design for Today’s Grid • Economic comparison of wheeling “well head” power by SCDC/HVDC/NG from source to sink • Dielectric properties at low temperatures • Advanced Super. Cable Concepts • Control of large current flows in SC cables • Circuit Topology: Loops, Busses and Tap-Offs • Cryo-cooled Silicon Electronic Devices Back… 68 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EPRI Super. Grid Initiative 2006 and Beyond - Generation • Hydrogen for energy delivery and storage – Novel production methods (e. g. , high pressure electrolysis) – Delivery/storage opportunities provided within the Super. Cable – Conversion of LNG pipelines to Hydricity Super. Cables – Balance between hydrogen and electricity generation and end use in the future “Super. Grid Society” • Non-eco-invasive renewable energy generation for the Super. Grid – Integration of photovoltaic solar roof power – Role of zero-carbon cycle combustion of urban biomass waste Back… 69 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EPRI Super. Grid Initiative 2006 and Beyond - Environment • Super. Grid, as a symbiosis of nuclear, hydrogen and superconductivity providing emission-free (including carbon), non-eco-invasive energy, is essentially a “poster child” environmental program • Environmental program to focus on “undergrounding” all Super. Grid infrastructure from generation to delivery to end use. – Advanced tunnel boring machines guided by GPS – Monitor current and future “big digs, ” e. g. , Boston, NYC and Fermilab, as models for “concealing” Super. Grid infrastructure. • Use of oxygen as a by-product of Super. Grid hydrogen generation for waste treatment, water purification and wetlands health Back… 70 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EPRI Super. Grid Initiative Publications and Presentations, 2000 - 2002 • 2000 – Nuclear/Hydrogen/Superconductivity symbiosis concept presented to DOE • 2001 – Presentation at General Meeting of the American Physical Society – Publication (1) in The Industrial Physicist – Presentation to the American Nuclear Society (Starr) • 2002 – Publication (2) in The Industrial Physicist – Publication in Nuclear News (Starr) – Proceedings of Workshop, “Super. Grid I” Back… 71 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EPRI Super. Grid Initiative Publications and Presentations, 2003 • Presentations to the following institutions – – – – – EPRI Advisory Groups/Councils (5) CLEER Ed. F Ji. Cable 03 (Paris) MIT Nuclear Engineering Dept Stanford Applied Physics Dept. ORNL & LANL DOE OETD Director James Glotfelty American Physical Society Sloan Foundation PHE – Rockefeller University • Publications in the following journals – Nature – Nuclear Engineer 72 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Back…

The EPRI Super. Grid Initiative Publications and Presentations, 2004 • Presentations to the following institutions (all invited) – – – – – EPRI Reviews (3) SUNY – Albany IEEE Power Engineering Society Yunnan Electric Power Company (China) DOE Superconductivity Peer Review Applied Superconductivity Conference IEEE Power Systems Convention & Exposition World Engineer’s Congress (China) China Light and Power (Hong Kong) • Publications – Article in IEEE Proceedings of the PES Back… 73 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

The EPRI Super. Grid Initiative Publications and Presentations, 2005 • Presentations to the following institutions (all invited) – – EPRI Reviews & Workshops (3) IBM Almaden Research Center DOE Superconductivity Peer Review Cryogenic Engineering Conference – International Conference on Cryogenic Materials – American Ceramic Society (Pac. Rim 6) • Publications in the following journals & magazines – – IEEE Trans. Applied Superconductivity Nuclear Future Power Magazine Fortune Magazine (Starr) • Proceedings: Workshop Super. Grid II (EPRI 1011746) Back… 74 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.