How Much Scots Do They Speak in the

How Much Scots Do They Speak in the Bahamas? Robin Sabino & Mary Stephens Diamond Auburn University SECOL XLIII April 6 -8, 2000

Overview • San Salvador • Farquharson History: Clan, Family, & Personal • Farquharson’s Dialect • Current Dialect of San Salvador

San Salvador, Bahamas

San Salvador Map adapted from Gail Saunders 1983. Bahamian Loyalists and Their Slaves. London: Mac. Millian Caribbean .

Farquharson - Clan History • Farquharson clan recognized 1697 • Renowned for military prowess • Renowned for loyalty to Scotland • Clan motto, “Fide et Fotitudine” • Ancestral home in Aberdeenshire

Farquharson - Family History Know all men by these Presents we Charles Farquharson of the Parish of Kirriemuir and County of Forfar Francis Farquharson of Mill(t)on of Bruickly in the Parish of Glenmuick and County of Aberdeen Murray Farquharson late Captain in His Majesty’s First West India Regiment of Foot residing at Redclock and Ian Farquharson and Catherine Farquharson both of Store Haven in Parish of Fetteresso and County of Kincardine.

Ian & Catherine Farquharson http: //www. genuki. org. uk/big/sct/KCD/Parish. Map. html

Francis Farquharson http: //www. urie. demon. co. uk/genuki/ABD/parishmap 1. html

Charles Farquharson http: //www. dundee. ac. uk/archives/genuki/ANS/ansmap. html

Farquharson’s Personal History • 1760 born in county Forfar • 1789 acquired four 40 acre grants on Long Island • 1795 purchased 60 acres on Watlings Island (San Sal) from Duncan Taylor • 1803 received a grant of 200 additional acres • Served as Justice of the Peace of San Salvador • 1831 -32 Farquharson’s journal of estate activities • Died 1835

Farquharson’s Dialect /I/

Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar F’s Journal Abd. drisiling minites chest= > shiped shipped= [I] ~ [e] > skined > strick > strike= [m. In. Its] [p. I® In] [pr. Iti] [I] [šIp(t)] [I] ~ [e] [I] skinned= [dr. Iz. Il. In] ~ [dr. Izl. Iõ ] pretty= > [ es(t)] San Sal pigeon= > minutes= > prity drizzling= Frf. > pigon Kcd. chist English /I/ striped >stripped= triming >trimming= [straik] [str. Ip(t)] [sk. In(d)] [tr. Im. In] ~ [tr. Im. Iõ ]

Farquharson’s Dialect /E/

Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar /E/ F’s Journal English Abd. Kcd Frf. San Sal bests >beasts= [i] ~ [e] [bis]~[bist] felling ‘falling’ [a] reff ‘reef’ repeted shep >repeated = ‘sheep= ventor >venture= wemon >women= whewls >wheels= repeted ~ [e] [a] [f l. Iõ ] ~ [f l. In] [rif] [ripited] [i] [šip] [ven ] ~ [wen ] [Z] [i] [womæm] [i] [vilz] ~ [wilz]

Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar F=s Journal English Abd. Kcd Frf San Sal leat >late= [e] [let] leatly >lately= [letli] mearly >merely= [merli] pease >pea= [e] ~ [i] [piz] seain >seine= not used /E/

Farquharson’s Dialect /A/

Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar /A/ F’s Journal English Abd. Kcd Frf. San Sal anckle >ankle= [æõ kl] ~ [aiõ kl] bracking [a] ~ [a] >breaking = fadom >fathom= [a] [fed m] ~ [fæd m] faverable >favorable = [fevr. Ibl] ~ [fevr. Ibl] >Ferguson = >Hercules = [h rk liz] ~ [herkuliz] Farquharson Harcules [brek. Iõ ]

Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar /A/ F=s Journal English Abd. Kcd Frf. San Sal pomato >palmetto = >pasture’ [palmato] ~ [pa(l)meto] [past ] ~ [pæst ] rack >rake= [riek] rack >rock= [r k] shad >shed= [šed] vassel >vessel= [vesl] wrack >wreck= [a] ~ -- pastor/pastor

Farquharson’s Dialect /O/

Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar /O/ F’s Journal English Abd. Kcd Frf. San Sal altho [aldo]~[al o] bon >although = >bone= [i] [b n] brock >broke= [U] [ ] ~ [U] [brok] foll >foal= [o] ~ [o] [f l] ~ [fol] gon >gone= [e] ~ [ ] [g n] of >off= [ ] ~ [a] [ ] [ f]

Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar /O/ F’s Journal English Abd. Kcd Frf. San Sal . pomato [palmato] ~ [pa(l)meto] >palmetto = rowe >row= [rau] spock ‘spoke(n)’ [ ] [spok] showing ‘showing’ [o] [o] [šowin] ~ [šowiõ ] throw ‘through’ threw [ ru]~[tru]

Farquharson’s Dialect /U/

Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar /U/ F=s Journal English Abd. Kcd. Frf. San Sal bruse >bruise’ [I] ~ [i] ~ [u] [i] [ø] ~ [I] ~ [œ] [bruz] ~ [brus] crue >crew= [u] [kru] foules >fowls= [U] ~ [u] [iu]~ [(j)u] [U] ~ [u] [fauls] shours >showers’ [u] [šauw z] =

Farquharson’s Dialect /^/

/ ^/ Italics = Linguistic Atlas of Scotland Non-italics = The English Dialect Grammar F=s Journal English Abd. Kcd Frf. San Sal cups >coops= [k b]~[k p] cuting >cutting= [ ] [k t. Iõ ] duble >double= [d bl] dum >dumb= [d m] >future= [fju ] ~ [fju r] super >supper= [ ] enterupted >interrupted futer [s p ] ~ [s p r] [Int r p] ~ [Int r pted]

Bibliography Craton, Michael and Saunders, Gail. 1992. Islanders in the Stream: A History of the Bahamian People, Volume I. Athens: University of Georgia Press. ----. 1991. On Slavery’s Margins: The Farquharson Estate, San Salvador, Bahamas. Slavery and Abolition 12: 2: 49 -72. Farquharson, Charles; Mc. Donald, Ormond (ed. ). 1957. A Relic of Slavery: Farquharson’s Journal for 1831 -32. Nassau: The Deans Peggs Research Fund. Gerace, Kathy. 1982. “Three Loyalist Plantations. ” Florida Anthropologist 35: 4: 216 -22 Holm, John and Shilling, Allison. 1982. Dictionary of Bahamian English. Cold Springs, NY: Lexik House. Holm, John. 1980. “African Features in White Bahamian English. ” English World-Wide 1: 45 -65. ----. On the Relationship of Gullah and Bahamian. American Speech 58. 4: 303 -318. Saunders, Gail. 1983. Bahamian Loyalists and Their Slaves. London: Mcmillan Publishers. Mather, J. H. and Speitel, H. H. 1986. The Linguistic Atlas of Scotland, Volume III. London: Croom Helm. Warrack, Alexander. 1965. Scots Dictionary: Serving as a Glossary for Ramsay, Fergusson, Burns, Scott, Galt, minor poets, kailyard novelists, and a host of other writers of the Scottish tongue. University of Alabama Press. Wright, Joseph. 1968. The English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: University of Oxford Press.