HOMONYMS and ANTONYMS Performed by Victoria Venglevska

Contents HOMONYMS • The notion of homonyms. • Classifications of homonyms. • Sources of homonyms. ANTONYMS • The notion of antonyms. • Classifications of antonyms.

Homonyms The notion of homonyms Homonyms (fr. Gr. “homos” means “the same”, “omona” means “name”) are defined as words different in meaning but either identical in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or in spelling.

Classifications of Homonyms The classification of homonyms suggested by Prof. Skeat: 1. Perfect homonyms 2. Homographs 3. Homophones

Perfect homonyms are the words identical in pronunciation and spelling, belonging to one part of speech, e. g. : school • школа • косяк (зграя) риб pupil • учень • зіниця temple • храм • скроня

Homographs are the words identical in spelling but pronounced differently, e. g. : bow [bou] – лук [bau] – уклін або ніс корабля lead [li: d] – вести [led] – свинець tear [tεe] – розривати [tiə] – сльоза sewer ['s(j)u: ə] – стічна труба ['səʊə] – швачка

Homophones, that is words identical in pronunciation but different in spelling, e. g. : scent [sent] - запах cent [sent] - цент knight [naɪt] - лицар night [naɪt] - ніч air [eə] - повітря heir [ɛə] - спадкоємець storey ['stɔ: ri] - поверх story ['stɔ: ri] - повість; оповідання

Сlassification of homonyms suggested by Prof. A. I. Smirnitsky In addition to the three groups (perfect homonyms, homographs, homophones) given by Prof. Skeat, he points out homoforms, that is words identical in spelling and pronunciation but different in their grammar forms, e. g. : to fall —a fall to water — water to clean — clean

Сlassification of homonyms suggested by Prof. I. V. Arnold It is a very detailed classification of homonyms. This classification is based on lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, paradigm and basic forms (infinitive for verbs, common case singular for nouns, positive degree for adjectives). He subdivided homonyms into five groups: 1. The most typical case of homonymy are words different in lexical meanings, but identical in grammatical meanings, having the same paradigm and basic forms, e. g. : spring - a leap spring - a natural fountain spring - a season They are nouns having the same paradigm

2. The next group are homonyms different in lexical meanings, having different paradigms, but identical in grammatical meanings and basic forms, e. g. : to lie - lay - lain to lie - lied 3. The next group are homonyms different in lexical meanings, grammatical meanings, paradigms, but identical in basic forms, e. g. : light (n) - lights, light (adj) — lighter, lightest.

4. The following group are homonyms different in lexical meanings, grammatical meanings, paradigms, basic forms, but coinciding in some form of their paradigms, e. g. : might (n); might - Past Indefinite of 'may' bit (n); bit - Past Indefinite of the verb 'to bite' 5. The next group of homonyms are unchangeable words, i. e. such words that only have one form in their paradigm. They are different in lexical and grammatical meanings, e. g. : for - preposition (для) for - conjunction (вводить частини складних речень або самостійні речення тому що)

The Sources of. Homonyms: 1. From the split of polysemy (about 7%), e. g. : box (n) - ящик, бокс, ляпас… spring (n) - початок, стрибок, весна… board (n) - дошка, рада, харчування, борт (корабля)… 2. From levelling grammatical inflexions, e. g. : care (n) - from 'caru‘ ‘care (v) - from 'carian

3. From conversion, e. g. : clean (adj) - to clean (v) water (n) - to water (v) 4. From derivation, e. g. : . read (v) reader (n) читач reader (n) хрестоматія

5. Two native words can coincide in their sound development, e. g. : to bear - to carry bear - an animal to long - to desire long - extended from 'beran', from 'bera'; from 'langian' from 'long' 6. Sometimes a native word and a borrowed word coincide in their development, e. g. : fair (n) fair (adj) sound (n) sound (adj) from Latin 'foria' from OE 'fager' from Latin 'sonus' from OE 'gesund'

7. Sometimes two borrowed words can coincide in their development, e. g. : base (n) - from French 'base' (Latin 'basis') - основа base (adj) - from Latin 'bas' (Italian 'basso') -ниций, підлий 8. Homonyms can develop as a result of shortening, e. g. : to add - ad (from advertisement) cab - from 'cabriolet' cab - from 'cabin' cab - from 'cabbage'

Antonyms The notion of antonyms Antonyms may be defined as two or more words of the same language belonging to the same part of speech and to the same semantic field, identical in style and nearly identical in distribution, associated and often used together so that their denotative meanings render contradictory or contrary notions.

Classifications Antonyms of Antonyms can be : Gradable antonyms Non-gradable (or ungradable) antonyms Gradable antonyms represent points on a scale that are roughly equal in distance from the middle of the scale. Non-gradable (or ungradable) antonyms represent opposed states that cannot be measured on a scale.

Gradable antonyms are often modified by adverbs to express higher and lower points on the scale: e. g. extremely hot, very hot, too hot, so hot, quite hot. There are often other adjectives expressing extreme and intermediate points on the scale: e. g. warm, tepid, lukewarm, cool, chilly, freezing. Non-gradable antonyms are not points on a scale. They are opposed states. Dead and alive are good examples of non-gradable antonyms. This means that if you are dead, you are not alive. If you are alive, you are not dead. Non-gradable antonyms are not usually modified by adverbs. In colloquial English, we do say almost dead (=about to die), half-dead (=very tired), so alive (=feeling very well), stone dead and dead as a doornail (emphatic/hyperbolic), but these expressions do not represent points on a scale. There are usually no adjectives representing intermediate states between non-gradable antonyms.

Some more examples of gradable and nongradable antonym pairs: Gradable antonyms Non-gradable antonyms wet – dry male - female young – old true - false easy – difficult north - south happy – sad single - married big – small full - empty long – short before - after

The classification of antonyms suggested by V. N. Comissarov: Absolute (root) antonyms Derivational antonyms Absolute antonyms have different roots (late - early) and derivational antonyms have the same roots but different affixes (to please – to displease, honest- dishonest). In most cases negative prefixes form antonyms (un-, dis- non). Sometimes they are formed by means of antonymous suffixes: -ful and –less (painful - painless).

Not every word in the language can have antonyms. This type of opposition is met in: 1) qualitative adjectives and their derivatives, e. g. : beautiful - ugly beauty - ugliness quick - slow quickly - slowly 2) words connected with feeling or state, e. g. : to respect - to scorn respect - scorn respectful - scornful respectfully - scornfully life - death to live - to die alive - dead

3) words expressing direction and position in space or time, e. g. : far - near here - there now - never day – night before - after summer - winter beginning - end to start - to finish late - early over – under If a word is polysemantic it can have several antonyms, e. g. : bright - dim (light) dull (person) sad (mood)

Linguists also recognize: reciprocal (conversive) antonyms reversive antonyms This distinction applies mainly to nouns, verbs and adverbs.

Reciprocal (or conversive) antonyms are pairs in which each member depends upon the other. We can say that ‘you can’t have one without the other’. An example: husband wife. If I am your husband, you must be my wife. Reversive antonyms are pairs in which each member expresses the reverse of the other. In this case, you can have one without the other. An example: rise and fall. If the temperature rises, this does not mean that something else falls.

Some more examples of reciprocal and reversive antonym pairs: Reciprocal antonyms Reversive antonyms teacher - student enter - exit boyfriend - girlfriend bring - take give - take arrive - depart borrow - lend come - go inside - outside towards - away from above - below up - down

Thank you for your attention!!!