Home Water Treatment Conventional new low cost

Home Water Treatment Conventional & new low cost options Henk Holtslag Urs Heierli www. 300 in 6. org

Why HWT? • Diarrhoea kills more young children than AIDS + malaria + measles (UNICEF 2009) • Water from piped systems often not safe • (Re)contamination between source & use • High benefits; 60 x investment (WHO 2008) • Only way to reach all 84% of unserved live in in rural areas. (UNICEF 2008) • Safe water seems most effective to reduce poverty (UN university 2008)

Proposition Water quality problems of the MDG target group can be solved with a one-time investment of $2 / capita

The problem 880 mln. without access to a safe water source and many more drink unsafe water 1 Volume < 20 l /day/pp 2 Distance > 500 meter 3 Quality - Turbidity, (40% of 880? ) - Pathogens, Viruses - Arsenic, Pesticides, . .

More water? Harvest rainwater with; Aquifer recharge - Sand, contour dams - Vegetation, Vertiver - Tube recharge, $5/50 m 3 Rooftop harvesting - Wire cement tanks, $20/m 3 - Plastic lined tank

Reduce distance? Repair existing pumps - 50% of piston pumps broken Upgrade hand dug wells - with a recharge, cover, low cost hand pump, filter Increase manual drilling - Jetting, Augering - Rota sludge, Baptist. $200 -$500 - Mac Perfor $400 – $1000 /bore

Lessons learned for sustainability • Repairability Simple, affordable, available • Adapt technology to the people Not the other way around • Profit for all involved, private sector Profit based sustainability, supply chain • 3 Cs for marketing: Cost, . . • Simple is not easy

Low cost HWT options Disinfection - Boiling, chlorine, Sodis, UV, PUR, . . - New; Watasol, Twinoxide, Silverdyne, Plation, Silver tube Filters - Candle or drip filters, Bisosand, Potfilters - New; Pureit, Swach, Life straw, Siphon filter

Data on next slides Users = estimated number of users by 2009 Price = retailprice in shops Cost = cost / person / year (based on 3 liters of drinkingwater/ person/ day) + = Advantages - = Disadvantages

Boiling Number of users; 400 mln. ? Cost/pp/year; 1 kg wood/liter + Advantages - Easy - Very effective - Disadvantages - High cost; if people have to buy wood Time; to cool down Taste; flat taste Danger; accidents with hot water Indoor pollution (20 - ? % of cooking is for water) Deforestation, CO 2 emission

SODIS Bacteria eliminated in 6 hours Users: 1 – 2 mln. Cost: $0 - $. . + - Low cost - Second use of bottles - Bottles available in many places - Requires much social marketing (most stop 3 months after training) - Not a market product (Nobody earns money)

Chlorine Users; 10 - 20 ? Mln. Price: $ 0. 5 - $ 2 Cost; $ 0. 3 - $ 1 + - Eliminates Bacteria & Viruses - Low monthly investment - Taste, smell Health effects in long term? Requires routine Liquid has short shelf life

Local Chlorine production WATASOL Users; over 0. 5 Million Price; $0. 3 - $ 1. 0 Cost; $0. 1 - $ 0. 5 + - Extremely low costs - Local business development - Re-use of bottles - Can be used as disinfectant - Requires much training

Disinfectant/Flocculant Users; 1 mln. ? Price; $0. 1 - $0. 2 (sachet 20 ltr. ) Cost; $5 - $10 + - 2 functions - Small - Easy transport in emergencies - Low investment/day - - High cost/year - Not easy in use

Twinoxide Users; 0, 2 mln. Price ; $1 Cost; $2 - $4 + - No taste & smell - No health effects - “Prevents” malaria - Only used in India - Shelf life three months

Silverdyne Users; 9 mln. Price; $3 - $4 Cost; $1 - $3 + - Very effective - No taste & smell - No environmental effects - Ten years shelf life - Long lasting effect in storage - Not widely known

Plation Safe storage Users; 0. 5 ? mln. Price; $20/unit/20 ltr Cost; $4 - $6 + - Extremely simple - Functions one year - High costs

Silver tube, Clay bar Silver impregnated ceramic Users; 1000 Price; $1 - $5 Cost; $0. 2 - $1 + - Simple - Low cost - Local production - More tests needed

Biosand filter Users; 1 -2 mln. Price; $20 - $30 Cost; $1 - $ 2 + - 120 liters/day - Local production - Big, heavy to transport - Not an off-the-shelf product less attractive for shops - Needs additional disinfection

Candle Filters (drip filters) Users; 200 - 300? Mln. Price; $15 - $100 Cost; $ 2 - $10 + - Includes storage - Easy to use - Widely used in Asia & S. America - Low filter capacity - Most cheap models not reliable - High transport costs - Cost in Africa > $30

Candle filters Stefani (Brazil) • Cost in Mozambique • $30 - $100 Production 5 million candles/year

Pot filters Users; 1. 5 – 2 mln. Price; $12 – $22 Cost; $ 1. 5 - $ 3 + - Local production - Easy to use - Big, fragile (transport) - Less attractive for shops

Pureit As safe as boiled water Users; 1 -2 mln. Price; $35 Cost; $4 - $5 + - Attractive - Very effective, EPA std. - Expensive for poor families - Only in India

Swach Users; New? Price; $20? Cost; $2 - $3 + - Attractive (Gadget) - Effective - Only available in India - Expensive for poor families

Life. Straw-Family Users; 2 - 4? Mln. Price; $25 - $ ? Cost; $ 2 - $ ? + - Attractive (Gadget) - Very effective, EPA std. - High filling point, 2 ltr. cap. - After 15. 000 ltr. complete new filter needed - Expensive for poor families

Siphon filter Users; 0. 3 mln. Price; $8 - $12 Cost; $1 - $1. 5 + - Small, easy transport - 7000 ltr / element - 60 -120 ltr / day - Reduction bact. 99, 99% - Not widely known

No option is ‘the’ solution • Boiling Filtering Chemicals Combined Chemical (PUR) UV SODIS Turbidity Heavy Metals Viruses Bacteria Parasites Pesticides

HWTs can solve most water quality problems Clear water from shallow wells + disinfection = safe water • • • +

Water with Arsenicum, Pesticides, … ? Rainwater storage + filter = safe water

Challenges Increase awareness - Inform policymakers of benefit of HWT, 50% of hospital beds > waterborne diseases - Inform NGOs and users about new options. Use lessons learned - Experiences with Life Straw, PUR, etc. - No free products. All should pay to get sustainable supply chains - Higieene awareness essential - Poor families need payment options

Information “Marketing Safe Water Systems” • Compares treatment options • Explains what went wrong with upscaling • Suggestions for massive upscaling HWTs A must read!!! www. poverty. ch Author: Urs Heierli

www. akvo. org Wikipedia for water and sanitation

More opportunities than ever Because of; - Effective low cost solutions. ca $2/cap. (1 time investment) - Lesson learned in the Ps of marketing (Product, place, price, people) - Internet for awareness, monitoring - Political will - Funds for water & sanitation

300 in 6 initiative 300 million people safer water in 6 years Costs? Ca $600 million Possible with: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Lessons learned 8 New products Internet for information New social marketing (CLTS) Good results – more funding

Safer water for all, yes we can