HOLT CHAPTER 20 People Places and Change The

HOLT CHAPTER 20 People, Places, and Change The Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan Section 1: Section 2: Section 3: Section 4: 1 Physical Geography The Arabian Peninsula Iraq Iran and Afghanistan HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1 Physical Geography People, Places, and Change Objectives: n What are the major physical features of the region? n What climates are found in this region? n What are the region’s important resources? 2 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1 Physical Geography People, Places, and Change Major physical features of the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan n The Arabian Peninsula—bordered by the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, and the Persian Gulf n The plain of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) lies between the exotic rivers. n Region of mountains and plateaus—Elburz Mountains, Kopet-Dag range, Hindu Kush, and the Zagros Mountains 3 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1 Physical Geography People, Places, and Change Climates of the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan n Most of the region has a desert climate. n There are parts of the region with steppe climates. 4 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1 Physical Geography People, Places, and Change Important resources of the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan n Water resources include wadis and fossil water. n Oil is the key mineral resource. n Iran has other metal deposits. 5 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2 The Arabian Peninsula People, Places, and Change Objectives: n What are Saudi Arabia’s history, government, and people like? n What kinds of government and economy do the other countries of the Arabian Peninsula have? 6 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2 The Arabian Peninsula People, Places, and Change Saudi Arabia n History—created in 1932 by the Saud family; closely linked to Islam n Government—a monarchy still ruled by the Saud family; most officials are members of the family; Islamic scholars influence policy n People—ethnic Arabs; 85 percent Sunni; Islam is reflected in dress, treatment of women, and daily prayer schedules 7 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2 The Arabian Peninsula People, Places, and Change Other countries of the Arabian Peninsula are predominantly Islamic and have varying wealth from oil reserves. All but Yemen are monarchies. 8 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2 The Arabian Peninsula People, Places, and Change (continued) Other countries of the Arabian Peninsula n Kuwait—invaded by Iraq in 1990 Gulf War; rich in oil n Bahrain and Qatar—Bahrain is a historic trade center; Qatar becoming more democratic n The United Arab Emirates—led by emirs; foreign workers outnumber citizens n Oman—attempting to create new industries besides oil n Yemen—elected government suffers from corruption; poorest in the region 9 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3 Iraq People, Places, and Change Objectives: n What were the key events in Iraq’s history? n What are Iraq’s government and economy like? n What is the makeup of Iraq’s population? 10 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3 Iraq People, Places, and Change Key events in Iraq’s history include: n A. D. 600—Arabs conquer Mesopotamia, Islam spreads, Baghdad thrives (until 1258). n 1500 s—Mesopotamia becomes part of the Ottoman Empire. n British take over during World War I; overthrown in the 1950 s by the Iraqi army. 11 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3 Iraq People, Places, and Change (continued) Key events in Iraq’s history include: n Ba’ath Party takes over in 1968 and Saddam Hussein becomes president in late 1970 s. n 1980—Iraq invades Iran; Iran-Iraq War is fought from 1980 to 1988. n 1990—Iraq invades Kuwait, triggering Persian Gulf War. 12 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3 Iraq People, Places, and Change Iraq’s government: n is controlled by the Ba’ath Party and Saddam Hussein. n has built a large army and secret police force. Iraq’s economy: n is limited by trade embargoes since the two wars. n also has mining, construction, and manufacturing industries. 13 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3 Iraq People, Places, and Change Iraq’s population is: n 75 percent Arab n nearly all Muslim n 15 -20 percent Kurds 14 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4 Iran and Afghanistan People, Places, and Change Objectives: n What were some important events in Iran’s history? n What are Iran’s government and people like? n What problems does Afghanistan face today? 15 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4 Iran and Afghanistan People, Places, and Change Important events in Iran’s history include: n 500 s B. C. —The Persian Empire was centered in the region. n 300 s B. C. —Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire. n A. D. 600 s—Arabs invade and establish Islam. n 1921—The Shah takes over and encourages reform; his son succeeds him in 1941. 16 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4 Iran and Afghanistan People, Places, and Change Important events in Iran’s history include: (continued) n 1979—The Shah is overthrown and Iranian Republic is formed; American hostages are taken with approval from the government. n 1980– 1988—Iran-Iraq War is fought. 17 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4 Iran and Afghanistan People, Places, and Change The People and Government of Iran n Iran is a theocracy—it is ruled by religious leaders. n The government has supported terrorism and the destruction of Israel. n Possible democratic reforms have been developing since the late 1990 s. n The population is diverse, with ethnic Persians in the majority. n The Shia branch of Islam is the official religion. 18 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4 Iran and Afghanistan People, Places, and Change Problems in Afghanistan n Links to terrorism of September 11, 2001, placed Afghanistan at the center of the war on terror, led by the United States. n Afghanistan has an interim government after the ousting of the Taliban. n Years of war have hurt Afghanistan’s people, industry, trade, and transportation systems. 19 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON