Holt Call to Freedom Chapter 11 The

Holt Call to Freedom Chapter 11 : The Expanding Nation 1800 -1815

11. 1 Jefferson as President Objectives: • Analyze the views Thomas Jefferson expressed about political parties in his first inaugural address. • Identify the Republican policies Jefferson introduced and the Federalist policies that he accepted. • Evaluate the importance of Marbury v. Madison as an important court case. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 2

I. The Republican Victory © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 3

A. Jefferson’s Inauguration 1. Large crowds attended the inauguration of Thomas Jefferson in March 1801. 2. John Adams, whom Jefferson had defeated, refused to attend. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 4

Source: http: //museum. nist. gov/images/exhibits/24. jpg

Source: http: //www. historyplace. com/specials/calendar/docs-pix/oct-j-adams. htm

A. Jefferson’s Inauguration 3. Republicans had won control of the White House and both houses of Congress. 4. Inauguration marked first transfer of power from one political party to another in U. S. history; peaceful transfer of power a rare achievement at that time. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 7

Featured hymn called "Pieces" dedicated to Jefferson, which includes an invocation, a hymn with chorus, and an oration, for a large citywide celebration in Philadelphia on the occasion of Jefferson's inauguration Source: http: //www. loc. gov/exhibits/treasures/inaugural-exhibit. html

B. Inaugural Address 1. Jefferson stressed that he supported will of the majority but opposed mob rule. 2. Tried to reassure Federalists that he would run the government fairly and called for unity between political parties © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 9

II. Jefferson to Office © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 10

A. Putting Republican Ideas into Practice 1. Jefferson chose James Madison as secretary of state and Albert Gallatin as secretary of treasury. 2. Jefferson lowered military spending, reduced the size of the army and the navy. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 11

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Source: http: //www. phmc. state. pa. us/ppet/gallatin/GALLATIN. jpg

A. Putting Republican Ideas into Practice 3. Hoped to use savings from military cuts to repay the national debt 4. Eliminated domestic taxes, such as the whiskey tax © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 14

B. Relations with the Federalists 1. Jefferson kept the Bank of the United States, which the Federalists had established and he had opposed, because the banking system seemed practical. 2. Replaced a number of Federalist officials with Republican appointees © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 15

A receipt for the whiskey tax, 1798 Source: http: //www. tax. org/Museum/1777 -1815. htm

III. Marbury v. Madison Source: http: //www. landmarkcases. org/marbury/cartoon. html © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 17

A. New Judicial Offices 1. Before Jefferson took office as president, Federalists in Congress passed a law creating many new judgeships and court offices. 2. President John Adams appointed Federalists to fill these positions. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 18

A. New Judicial Offices 3. When Jefferson took office, some of these Federalists had not yet received their special commissions authorizing their appointments. 4. Jefferson ordered James Madison not to issue the papers. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 19

B. Marbury’s Case 1. William Marbury, one of the people who had not received a commission, asked the U. S. Supreme Court to order the executive branch to issue the document. 2. Claimed the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the court this power © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 20

Source: http: //www. columbia. edu/itc/law/witt/images/lect 9/fx 23_william_marbury. jpg

§Oldest bank building in America §Considered the oldest building in America with a classical facade §Bank charter was in effect for only 20 years §It cost $110, 168. 05 to build! §Ceased operations in 1811 Source: http: //www. ushistory. org/tour_1 bank. htm

C. The Court’s Ruling 1. John Marshall, chief justice of the U. S. Supreme Court, was a Federalist who disagreed with President Jefferson about many issues. 2. Supreme Court ruled in Marbury v. Madison that the Supreme Court did not have the power to force the executive branch to give Marbury his paper. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 23

Source: http: //faculty. smu. edu/jkobylka/ct-pix/John%20 Marshall%20(large). jpg

C. The Court’s Ruling 3. Declared the Judiciary Act of 1789, which gave the court this power, was unconstitutional, or not allowed by the Constitution. 4. Case established the power of judicial review – the power of the U. S. Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 25

Pictured to the right is the official portrait of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Oliver Ellsworth and his wife Abigail. Ellsworth was the principle author of the Judiciary Act of 1789, the charter for the federal judiciary system and the Marshals Service. Source: http: //www. usmarshals. gov/history/judiciary/judiary_act_of_1789. htm

11. 2 The Louisiana Purchase Objectives: • Describe how and why the Louisiana Purchase took place. • Explain what the Lewis & Clark expedition achieved. • Define the purpose of Pike’s expedition. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 27

I. French Louisiana Source: http: //www. lewis-clark. org/media/images/map_loupur 3. jpg © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 28

A. French Ambitions 1. The leader of France, General Napoléon Bonaparte, wanted to rebuild France’s empire in North America. 2. Planned to send troops to Louisiana © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 29

Source: http: //utopia. utexas. edu/project/portraits/napoleon. jpg

A. French Ambitions 3. First, needed to recapture the former French colony of St. Domingue (present-day Haiti) to establish a supply base near Louisiana 4. Enslaved Africans had taken over St. Domingue in the 1790 s to gain freedom. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 31

Source: http: //perso. wanadoo. fr/jeanmi. b/images/cartedomingue. jpg

A. French Ambitions 5. Former slave Toussaint. Louverture ruled the island. 6. Napoléon’s army failed to retake the island in 1802. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 33

Source: http: //www. marxists. org/glossary/people/l/pics/louverture-toussaint. jpg

B. American Concerns 1. Jefferson learned that Spain had returned Louisiana to France and feared that French control of the region would block U. S. western expansion. 2. With control of New Orleans, France could also interfere with American trade along the Mississippi River. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 35

II. The Louisiana Purchase © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 36

II. The Louisiana Purchase A. Jefferson told the U. S. ambassador to France to make an offer to buy New Orleans and West Florida from France. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 37

Source: http: //www. nps. gov/jeff/Lewis. Clark 2/images/Louisiana. Purchase. Map_Large. jpg

B. A Surprising Offer 1. French officials offered to sell all of Louisiana to the United States. 2. France needed money because it was about to go to war against Britain. 3. Napoléon also hoped that if the United States owned Louisiana, it could challenge Britain’s power in North America. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 39

Source: http: //www. enchantedlearning. com/history/us/1800/louisianapurchase/index. shtml

C. A Growing Nation 1. U. S. diplomats signed treaty to buy Louisiana for $15 million. 2. Jefferson feared that he did not have the constitutional power to buy Louisiana but agreed to the purchase because it was in the country’s best interest. 3. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 almost doubled the size of the United States. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 41

Source: http: //geog. ucsb. edu/~jeff/115 a/jack_slides/lousianapurchase 18031819. jpg

III. Mission of Discovery © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 43

Source: http: //spider. georgetowncollege. edu/htallant/courses/his 325/LOUISIAN. gif

III. Mission of Discovery A. Jefferson planned an expedition to explore western lands. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 45

III. Mission of Discovery B. Meriwether Lewis, who had served as Jefferson’s assistant, led the expedition. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 46

Source: http: //www. tngenweb. org/lewis/meriwether. lewis. gif

III. Mission of Discovery C. Lieutenant William Clark was coleader. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 48

Source: http: //www. army. mil/cmh-pg/books/Rev. War/ss/p 050. jpg

IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 50

IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition A. In May 1804 the Lewis and Clark Expedition set out from St. Louis, in present-day Missouri. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 51

Source: http: //www. enchantedlearning. com/explorers/page/l/lewisandclark. shtml

IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition B. Sacagawea, a Shoshone Indian woman, assisted the group. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 53

Source: http: //www. enchantedlearning. com/explorers/page/l/lewisandclark. shtml Source: http: //www. kshs. org/exhibits/blc/graphics/sacagawea. jpg

IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition C. Crossed Great Plains and Rocky Mountains; reached Pacific in November 1805 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 55

Source: http: //www. army. mil/cmh-pg/LC/The%20 Mission/LC_Pamphlet/25. jpg

IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition D. Returned to St. Louis in September 1806 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 57

IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition E. Expedition learned much about western lands and paths, established relations with several American Indian groups, and collected valuable scientific information. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 58

V. Pike’s Exploration © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 59

V. Pike’s Exploration A. Zebulon Pike led an expedition to find the source of the Red River and perhaps to spy on settlements in New Spain. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 60

Source: http: //www. slvdweller. com/archives/Zebulon. Pike. jpg

V. Pike’s Exploration B. Explored Rocky Mountains in present-day Colorado, climbed mountain now known as Pike’s Peak, continued on into presentday New Mexico and Spanish-held lands, where the Spanish arrested him © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 62

Source: http: //www. enchantedlearning. com/explorers/page/p/pike. shtml

Source: http: //www. imagesofcolorado. com/pikespix 2/pikespeak 1 r. jpg

V. Pike’s Exploration C. After release, Pike reported that the Southwest offered good business opportunities for Americans. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 65

11. 3 The Coming of War Objectives: • Determine why the United States placed an embargo on France and Great Britain. • Explain what Tecumseh wanted to accomplish and how successful he was. • Analyze why the United States declared war on Great Britain in 1812. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 66

I. Danger on the High Seas © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 67

I. Danger on the High Seas A. U. S. Navy sent to end pirate raids conducted by North African countries called the Barbary States. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 68

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B. Problems with Great Britain 1. United States supplied goods and war materials to Great Britain and France, who went to war in 1803. 2. Each nation passed laws to stop the United States from trading with its enemy. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 70

B. Problems with Great Britain 3. The British stopped and seized American ships and also searched them for runaway British sailors, who were then forced to return to the British navy. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 71

B. Problems with Great Britain 4. Impressment, or forcing people to serve in the army or navy, angered the United States, particularly when the British accidentally impressed some U. S. citizens. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 72

The impressment of an American seaman. In Newfoundland men were exempt from impressment, an act practiced in the United States. From a drawing by Stanley M. Arthurs. From Captain A. T. Mahan, Sea Power and its Relations to the War of 1812, Vol. I (London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Limited, 1894) 102. Source: http: //www. heritage. nf. ca/exploration/impressment. html

II. A Trade War © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 74

II. A Trade War A. Many Americans called for an embargo, or the banning of trade, in response to Britain’s violations of U. S. neutrality. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 75

American merchants disliked the Embargo Act of 1807. They argued that it would be years before Britain and France actually felt its effect while American trade stagnated. Source: http: //www. galafilm. com/1812/e/catalogues/sket 149. html

B. Trade Laws 1. Congress passed the Embargo Act, which banned trade with foreign nations. 2. Act damaged American economy, especially in New York and New England. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 77

Source: http: //www. newark. k 12. ny. us/staffpages/vanduyne/youngnation/jefferson/embargo. jpg

B. Trade Laws 3. Replaced by Non-Intercourse Act, which banned trade with Britain, France and their colonies and stated the United States would resume trade with the first side to stop violating U. S. neutrality. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 79

The Non-Intercourse Act was designed to end the violations of US neutrality by the British and French. The Non-Intercourse Act superseded the Non. Importation Act, which barred all trading. Source: http: //www. historycentral. com/NN/Nonenter. html

III. The Rise of Tecumseh © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 81

III. The Rise of Tecumseh A. American Indians and American settlers in Northwest Territory clashed again. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 82

Source: http: //www. sd 4 history. com/Unit 1/beginningslesson 3. htm

III. The Rise of Tecumseh B. British aided these American Indian groups in hopes of limiting U. S. expansion. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 84

III. The Rise of Tecumseh C. Shawnee chief Tecumseh tried to unite American Indians against the United States. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 85

Source: http: //www. galafilm. com/1812/e/catalogues/peop_tecumseh. html

IV. War on the Frontier © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 87

IV. War on the Frontier A. William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, saw Tecumseh as a threat. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 88

Source: http: //teachpol. tcnj. edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/00000095. htm

IV. War on the Frontier B. In 1810 in the Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrison’s forces defeated American Indian forces, which caused Tecumseh to lose much of his support. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 90

Source: http: //home 1. gte. net/vzn 05 sxc/tmap. jpg

V. The War Debate © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 92

A. The War Hawks 1. War Hawks were members of Congress who favored war against Great Britain. 2. Leaders included Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun; support strongest in South, West © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 93

Source: http: //odur. let. rug. nl/~usa/B/hclay. htm Source: http: //www. newgenevacenter. org/portrait/calhoun. jpg

A. The War Hawks 3. Saw war as only answer, and some hoped war might expand the United States © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 95

Source: http: //www. newark. k 12. ny. us/staffpages/vanduyne/youngnation/madison/warhawks. jpg

B. Doves wanted peace 1. Federalists in New England feared war with Britain would hurt the economy. 2. Other Americans argued that war was unnecessary and costly and that the U. S. military was not prepared to fight powerful Britain. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 97

VI. A Declaration of War © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 98

VI. A Declaration of War A. President James Madison, a Republican who had been elected in 1808, told Congress that Britain was already in a state of war against the nation. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 99

http: //www. americanpresident. org/history/jamesmadison/biography/resources/images/Portrait. Madison. image. jpg

B. Congress Acts 1. Southern and western representatives in Congress voted for war. 2. Delaware, New England states, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania opposed war. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 101

B. Congress Acts 3. War Hawks won, and Congress declared war for the first time in U. S. history. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 102

11. 4 The War of 1812 Objectives: • Describe how the war progressed at sea and in the Great Lakes region. • Explain how actions by American Indians aided the British during the war. • Identify the strategy the British pursued in the East. • Examine how the war came to an end. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 103

I. The War at Sea © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 104

A. Advantages and Disadvantages 1. U. S. navy had fewer than 20 ships, while the British had hundreds. 2. U. S. government licensed private ships (called privateers) to attack British merchant ships. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 105

A. Advantages and Disadvantages 3. U. S. Navy had well-trained sailors and new warships that carried more cannons than most British ships of the same size. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 106

I. The War at Sea B. Early in war, most British naval ships were scattered far from the United States. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 107

I. The War at Sea C. Britain then turned to patrolling seas in large groups and blockading U. S. ports. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 108

II. The Canadian Border © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 109

II. The Canadian Border A. Americans attempted to invade Canada, but British force, aided by American Indians under Tecumseh, defeated U. S. force and captured Fort Detroit. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 110

B. The Great Lakes 1. By the end of 1812, the British controlled the strategic Great Lakes region. 2. Captain Oliver Hazard Perry commanded a small U. S. fleet on Lake Erie. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 111

Source: http: //housatonic. net/faculty/ABALL/US 1 Notes 010. htm

Source: http: //www. jimpoz. com/quotes/speaker. php? speakerid=621

B. The Great Lakes 3. At the Battle of Lake Erie in September 1813, Perry’s fleet defeated British forces, which were forced to withdraw. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 114

Source: http: //www. jrusselljinishiangallery. com/images/shilstone-erie-map. jpg

III. The Frontier War © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 116

A. Tecumseh and the British 1. After Perry’s victory, William Henry Harrison pursued British into Canada. 2. At the Battle of the Thames in October 1813, Harrison’s forces defeated the British and their American Indian allies. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 117

Source: http: //www. galafilm. com/1812/e/maps/554 mapfull. html

A. Tecumseh and the British 3. Tecumseh killed in battle, which weakened the Indian-British alliance. 4. Victory secured U. S. border with Canada. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 119

B. The Creek War 1. Creek force, led by Chief Red Eagle, took Fort Mims in presentday Alabama. 2. General Andrew Jackson led U. S. forces against the Creek. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 120

Source: http: //www. usgennet. org/usa/al/state 1/baldwin/redeagle. JPG

Source: http: //www. historyplace. com/specials/portraits/presidents/

B. The Creek War 3. At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814, U. S. forces defeated the Creek force. 4. Victory ended Creek War, and Creek forced to give up millions of acres of land. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 123

Source: http: //www. socialstudiesforkids. com/graphics/horseshoebendbattlemaplarge. jpg

IV. The British on the Offensive A. In 1814 Britain sent more troops and strengthened its blockade of U. S. ports. B. British forces sacked Washington but failed to take Fort Mc. Henry in Baltimore. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 125

The valiant defense of the fort by 1, 000 dedicated Americans inspired Francis Scott Key to write “The Star-Spangled Banner. ” Source: http: //images. myareaguide. com/aps/op/fomc. jpg

V. The Battle of New Orleans © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 127

V. The Battle of New Orleans A. British forces launched attack on New Orleans. B. American forces defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 128

Source: http: //www. napoleonguide. com/images/map_neworlean. jpg

VI. Ending the War © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 130

A. The Hartford Convention 1. New England Federalists against the war met at the Hartford Convention. 2. Some delegates wanted New England to withdraw from the United States. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 131

Documents courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society Source: http: //www. primaryresearch. org/PRTHB/Dane/Norton/1. jpg

A. The Hartford Convention 3. Delegates decided to send a group to Congress to demand states’ rights. 4. War ended; Federalists were accused of treason and lost much political power. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 133

B. The Peace Treaty 1. The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812 on December 21, 1814. 2. Each nation returned all the territory it had conquered, treaty provided no solutions to problems of impressment or trade © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 134

The signing ceremony of the Treaty of Ghent in Belgium, late December 1814, to end the War of 1812 and a close return to terms as they were before the war. Source: http: //www. canadianheritage. org/reproductions/20020. htm

B. The Peace Treaty 3. Both sides agreed to continue to work on these problems once there was peace. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 136