History University of Cambridge The official reason Cambridge

History University of Cambridge The official reason, Cambridge University dates back to the time when King Henry III of the Constitution in 1231 advanced the state of affairs in England, as in accordance with this Charter, the community could be assigned to the so-called "ius non trahi extra" (the right to educate their own members) and Plus exemption from certain taxes. In addition, in 1233, Pope Gregory IX issued a bull, which gave the graduates of Cambridge to teach throughout the Christian world. Once in a letter from Pope Nicholas IV in 1290 was named the Cambridge Studium Generale (the place where the welcome students from all over the land), and approved as such in the bull of Pope John XXII in 1318, he became a public place for researchers coming from other medieval universities in order to gain new knowledge, or to read the university lecture.

Cambridge colleges were originally minor components of the university system. There is not a college, which would have been older than the university itself. Colleges were endowed scholarship students. Also, there were institutions that had not given scholarships, called the hostel (guest house). For many centuries, slowly absorbed hostels colleges, but a reminder of what they once were individual agencies still remain, such as the name of a hostel "Garret Hostel Lane. "

Bolshii Hugh, Bishop of Ely, in 1284 founded the first College Cambridge - Peterhouse (House of Peter). Many colleges were founded in the XIV and XV centuries, but over the centuries up to the present time, all of them also continue to establish, although between the base of Sidney Sussex in 1596 and Downing in 1800 and there was a gap of 204 years. The youngest college is Robinson, built in the late 1970's. Be that as it may, the college received a full Hommerton university college status in March 2010, making it the newest full college (formerly the College was "approved by the Company", which was part of the university). In the Middle Ages, many colleges were created specifically for their members prayed for the souls of the founders of these institutions, so the colleges often have been associated with chapels or abbeys. Change the orientation of college was in 1536 during the dissolution of the monasteries. King Henry VIII ordered the university to disband its Faculty of Canon Law and to stop teaching "scholastic philosophy". In

Lutheranism Back in the 1520 s, Lutheranism, and that will become known as the Protestant Reformation, were present as part of the University's intellectual discourse. Interested in the intellectual discourse and passionate theology was Thomas Cranmer, who later became the Archbishop of Canterbury. King Henry VIII was an advantage that Cranmer held the post in the 1530's, he drew attention to Cranmer and people like him (inside and outside of Cambridge), to develop its own new religious path, which would be different from Catholicism, but also would be different from that conceived by Martin Luther.

puritan movement Almost a century later, the university was at the center of another Christian schism. Many nobles, intellectuals and even ordinary people have a negative look at the fact that the Church of England (in rituals, traditions) was too similar to the Catholic Church. They believed that the king specifically acts in a way to usurp the legitimate authority of Counties. East of England was the center of what became known in the history of Puritan movement, the unrest in Cambridge, this movement was particularly strong in Emmanuel, at St. Catherine Hall, Sidney Sussex College and Christ (Christ College). Of their walls came many "non-conformist" graduates who have had a major impact, with social status, or through broadcasts in the pulpit to preach, to approximately 20, 000 Puritans who left for New England, and most of them in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, for the decade of the Great Migration of the 1630 s. Oliver Cromwell, who was the commander of Parliament during the English Civil War and the head of the British Commonwealth (1649 -1660), Was present at this time in Sidney Sussex.

tripos. Ever since Isaac Newton was a student at Cambridge University in the late XVII century to the middle of the XIX century, the university is strong enough to focus their attention on applied mathematics, in particular, on mathematical physics. Study of this subject was mandatory. In addition, students were required to pass the examination for the degree of Bachelor of Arts - the main first degree at Cambridge in art as science. This exam is called the Tripos (Tripos). Students who were awarded a first-class contrast, after the Mathematical Tripos examination, called ranglerami (exclusively in Cambridge wrangler).

tripos. Cambridge Mathematical Tripos examination was controversial. Thanks to him in British science were such famous names as James Clerk Maxwell, Kelvin and Rayleigh. However, some famous students, such as GH Hardy, disliked the system. They felt that people were too interested in the accumulation of balls in the exams and were not at all interested in the subject. In the XIX century pure mathematics at Cambridge has been very successful, however, as she "passed by" significant scientific events that took place in the French and German mathematics. Research in the field of pure mathematics at Cambridge finally reached, the highest international standards in the early XX century, primarily due to Hardy and his colleague, Littlewood. And the success of William Hodge in geometry in 1930 pushed Cambridge into the international arena. Despite the versatility of university

female education in the university of cambridge Initially, only male students could be enrolled in a university. The first colleges for women were colleges: Girton, which was founded by Emily Davies in 1869, Nyuvnhem, who founded the Anne Clough and Henry Sidgwick in 1872, was followed by the establishment of Hughes Hall in 1885 (first was created by Elizabeth Phillips Hughes as the Cambridge Pedagogical College for Women), New Hall in 1954 (later renamed Murray Edwards College) and Lucy Cavendish College, founded in 1965. The first women students were examined in 1882 but attempts to make women full members of the university underwent a collapse until

Women were allowed to attend courses, exams, and since 1881 in writing to receive their results, for a brief period in the late XX century, women were even allowed to receive a diploma of education at the University of Dublin. Since 1921, women began to award diplomas, which "gave its owner a Bachelor of Arts. " However, due to the fact that they're "not fully recognized Bachelor of Arts" they were excluded from the management team of the university. From the time students are included in your college and since established new colleges were still closed to women, they found that access to college, based especially for women, is also limited.

Despite this, since the institution Churchill College, all colleges are focused only on men's education began in the period between 1972 and 1988 to take in the numbers of women. One women's college, Girton, since 1979 even began taking male students, but the other women's colleges did not follow suit. Due to the fact that St. Hilda's College, Oxford, in 2008, lifted the ban on the acceptance of male students, Cambridge was the only school in the UK, whose colleges have so far refused to accept men (such facilities in Cambridge are only three: Nyuvnhem, College Murray Edwards and Lucy Cavendish College). In the year 2004 -2005, the sex ratio of university students, including graduate

Myths, legends, traditions, University of Cambridge As the university has a long and rich history in its walls was a huge number of different legends and myths. Of course, most of them are not true, however, they are actively disseminated and continue to disseminate new generations of students and tour guides. Canceled tradition is a tradition of "wooden spoon" in accordance with which the "prize" is awarded to students with the lowest passing grade on the final exam in mathematics Tripos. The last such spoon was awarded Cuthbert Lepraer Holthauz in 1909 - rower Boating Club Lady Margaret, who sostyal the College St. Jones College. The spoon was a meter long, and she had a handle made of oars. Currently, it can be

Each Christmas Eve, radio and television companies to broadcast BBC broadcast "The Festival of Nine Lessons" and Carol (special Christmas song), performed by the choir at King's College, Cambridge. Since the first such transfer appeared on the radio in 1928 (though the festival has existed since 1918), the national radio broadcast was a real Christmas tradition. Radio data transmission is carried out all over the world World Service BBC, and they passed by combining hundreds of other radio stations in the United States. The first television broadcast of the festival was held in 1954.

device, university of cambridge Cambridge is a collegiate university. This means that it consists of a self-governing and independent colleges, each of which has its own property and income. Most colleges bring together faculty and students belonging to a wide range of disciplines, and so, in each faculty, department or school of the University can be found many of the teachers from different colleges. Departments are responsible for ensuring that the university lectures, seminars, for research and approval of student curriculum, which is controlled by the General Council. Together with the central administration, headed by the Vice-Chancellor, they are an integral part of the management of the University of Cambridge. Additional facilities such as libraries, provide their services at all these levels: the University (the Cambridge University Library), faculties (faculty libraries, such as, for example, the Library of the Judicial Law) and in individual colleges (all of which support multi-library which, as a rule, are mainly aimed at the students).

cambridge colleges Cambridge colleges are autonomous institutions with their own property. After the establishment, they are part of a whole university. All students and most teachers are attached to the college. The importance of these institutions is to provide housing, social security (giving grants, scholarships), the performance of social functions and in the training of students. All faculties, departments, research centers and laboratories belong to the university, which arranges lectures and diplomas, but the students conducted the inspection - a

Colleges, in accordance with the provisions of the University, also take a decision on admission of students to the university. Cambridge has a 31 -m college, three of which Murray Edwards and Lucy Cavendish Nyuvenhem - only accept female students. In other college student body is mixed, although most of them initially took only men. Darwin was the first college, which began to take in the numbers of both young people and women, while Churchill, Clare and King's College became the first male before college, which began to take the girls in 1972. In 1988, Magdalena was the last male college students who began enrollment. In college, Clare Hall and Darwin is only accept graduate students, and Hughes Hall, Lucy Cavendish, Edmund and Wolfson credited only adult admission (that is, at the time of transfer of a person must be at least 21 years old and over), which include both students and graduate students. All other colleges accept and undergraduate and graduate students with no age restrictions.

From the colleges do not require students to enroll is all subjects, and therefore, some of them decide not to give attention to such subjects as architecture, art history and theology, but most of the colleges still offer a range of subjects close to the full spectrum. Some colleges retain susceptibility to certain subjects, such as Churchill College inclined more to a set of scientific and technical specialties, while others, such as St. Keterins aims to balance the adoption and distribution of the students in the field. Expenses for students (accommodation and food prices), depending on the college significantly different from each other. Other institutions maintain much more informal reputations. For example, the students of the Royal College hold left-wing political views, and Robinson College students and Churchill College are trying to minimize the harmful effects on the environment. Also in Cambridge have some theological (of theology) colleges, which are separated from the University of Cambridge. Some of these schools include: Westcott House, Westminster College and Ridley Hall College Teologicheky who are less connected to the university, but are members of the Federation of Spiritual Kembridzhsoy.

In addition to the 31 -th College, University of Cambridge consists of over 150 departments, faculties, schools, syndicates and other institutions. Their members are usually also members of one of the colleges, and the responsibility for the implementation of all the University's academic program is divided between them. "School" in the University of Cambridge is a broad administrative grouping of related faculties and other units. Each has elected supervisor - school "advice, " which consists of representatives of the constituent bodies. The composition of the University of Cambridge consists of six schools: Arts and Humanities, Biological Sciences, Clinical Medicine, Humanities and Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, Technology. Educational and research activities in Cambridge organized by faculties. Faculties have different organizational substructures, which partly reflect their history and partly their operational needs. The structure of the faculty may include a number of departments and other agencies. Also, a small number of organizations, the so-called "syndicate" (eg - Evaluation Commission Cambridge University News Service and University Library) are responsible for teaching and research.

the academic year in cambridge The academic year in Cambridge is divided into three academic years (terms), as defined by the Charter of the University. Mikhailov trimester (Mikelmas) lasts from October to December, trimester, named after the Great Lent - from January to March, and in honor of Easter - from April to June. These terms (only for students, not graduate students) are held within a large period, called a full period. These training periods are shorter than in many other British universities. Also, it is assumed that students are engaged in a thorough self-study for three holidays, such as Christmas, holidays during the Easter and the long summer holidays.

finance university. Cambridge is the richest university in Europe, and the donations made by the university in 2011 are estimated at 4. 3 billion pounds. These funds are distributed as follows: 1. 6 billion pounds belong to the university, and 2. 7 billion pounds - colleges. As for Oxford, in 2011, he had donated about 3. 3 billion pounds. University estimated operating costs each year more than 1 billion pounds. Each college is an independent charitable organization with its own endowment fund, which is separate from the central fund of the university. If we compare the ratings of Cambridge University Foundation fund ratings of U. S. universities, according to recent data of Cambridge would take fourth place among the eight Ivy League institutions (depending on fluctuations in the market).

However that may be, the comparison made between the foundation of Cambridge and funds other leading U. S. universities, inaccurate, since, being state-funded university (although the status of Cambridge, as a state university, can not be compared with the status of American or European public universities, because that in the above regions of the state "does not know" the university), Cambridge, receives most of its revenue through the provision of educational services and grants for studies from the UK Government. In the 2006 -2007 school year, there were reports that about a third of Cambridge's income goes to his foundation by the UK Government, as the state funding for teaching and research. Another third of income is grants received for other scientific research. As a result, the total income from donations is about 130 million pounds. In addition, the University of Cambridge receives significant revenues from annual transfers (payments from the state budget) for the Cambridge University Press, which is the oldest and second largest university press in the world.

In 2000, Bill Gates, the founder of "Microsoft", donated $ 210 million to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation for the formation of special Gates Scholarships for British students who seek to enroll in graduate school at Cambridge University. Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, where in 1953 the first time in the world first began teaching computer courses, located in a building partly funded by Gates. This laboratory is named in honor of his ancestor - William Gates. In 2005, a campaign was launched to mark the 800 th anniversary of Cambridge. It was designed to collect 1 billion pounds by 2012 - the first campaign to raise money in Europe, which was held on the U. S. image. This goal was reached in the 2009 -2010 fiscal year, when it was possible to collect 1. 037 billion pounds.

Сentral administration of the University of Cambridge

Chancellor and Vice -Chancellor Office of the Chancellor of the University (the nominal head of the university), in which there is a limited life, in fact, is formal. It takes David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury Turnvillsky, who took the post after his retirement in his 90 th birthday in June 2011, the Duke of Edinburgh. Lord Sainsbury was appointed an official appointed by the board as his successor. For the post were also nominated Abdul Arain, owner of the local grocery store, Brian Blesida and Michael Mansfield. The elections were held on 14 and 15 October 2011. The current Vice-Chancellor is Leszek Borisevich. While the post of Chancellor of the University, by and large, ceremonial, the Vice-Chancellor is the de facto chief administrative officer of the University (ie, its rector). Internal management of the university is almost entirely carried out by its own staff, although the governing body of the Regent House (House Administration) still there is a very small number of foreign representatives.

Senate and House Office. The Senate consists of all holders of a master's degree, as well as employees with a higher degree. It elects the Chancellor and the High Steward, and until such time as the Cambridge University constituency was abolished in 1950, and the Senate could choose two members of the House of Commons. Until 1926, he had the governing body of the University and perform the tasks that are currently performed by the Chamber Office. Chamber of Control is the governing body of the University of direct democracy, the members of which are all higher (in rank) members resident universities and colleges, as well as the Chancellor, the High Steward, the Deputy High Steward, and the Commissioner. Also in the House, and the Office is public representatives two Procurator (Trustee), who are elected for one year. Procurators candidacy nominated colleges.

Collections and museums of the University of Cambridge The university has 114 libraries. Cambridge University Library is the central research library, which contains more than 8 million volumes and, in contrast to the Bodleian or the British Library, many of his books are in the public domain, on the library shelves. Most of these books are available at the time.

Also, it is legal deposit library, and the agency has the right to request a free copy of every book published in the UK and Ireland. The library receives about 80, 000 books a year, not counting the books that portrayed her as a gift. In addition to the University Library and its dependent libraries, every faculty has a specialized library, which contains an average of 30, 000 to 150, 000 books, for example, in the History Department operates Seeley Historical Library, which holds more than 100, 000 books. In addition, each college also has its own library (partly to student learning), and the oldest college in a separate library keeps a lot of old books and manuscripts. For example, Wren Library, which is located at Trinity College, has more than 200, 000 books printed before 1800, while the Parker Library, which is located in Corpus Christi College, owns one of the largest collections of medieval manuscripts in the world, bringing the total number more than six hundred. The total number of books owned by the university, has about 12 million volumes.

Cambridge University operates eight museums of art, cultural and science, as well as a botanical garden: Fitzwilliam Museum - a museum of art and antiquity, Kettle Yard - Gallery of Modern Art, the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge presented to the visitors the collection of local antiquities and archaeological and ethnographic Exhibitors from around the world, Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, the Museum of classical Archaeology, Cambridge, Museum of History and Science Whipple; Sedzhviksky Museum of Earth Sciences - is the Geological Museum of the University, Research Institute for Polar Scott include Polar Museum, dedicated to the study of the Arctic and Antarctic , Cambridge University Botanic Garden - a university botanical garden, created in 1831.

Cambridge University has research departments and teaching faculties in most academic disciplines and spends about 650 million pounds a year on research. All research and lectures of the University department chairs. Colleges are responsible for providing the majority of inspections, for providing students hostels, as well as the financing of most extracurricular activities. In the 1990 s Cambridge added a substantial number of new specialist research laboratories on several University research sites throughout the city. In some places, and to this day continues significant expansion.