History of the Internet Wilkes University Barb Landon
Before 1969 1945 - Vannevar Bush publishes his paper on the memex machine. n 1957 - USSR launches Sputnik n 1958 In response to Sputnik the US forms Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Dept. of Defense to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military. n
1960 CRR Licklider publishes his landmark paper, “Man-Computer Symbiosis” n 1961 -Leonard Kleinrock, MIT- developed the first paper on packet-switching theory n 1962 - Licklider and Clark, MIT -concept encompassing distributed social interactions. Licklider becomes the founding directory for ARPA’s Information Processing Techniques n
1965 Paul Baran gets funds from the US Air Force to experiment with block switching network to protect communications during a nuclear war. He withdrew his proposal when the project was shifted to military managers. n ARPA sponsors a study on “cooperative network time-sharing computers” n
1966 n Larry Roberts at MIT - First ARPANET plan towards cooperative network of time-shared computers
1968 n ARAP mails out 140 requests for Proposals to prospective contractors to build the first 4 webmail programs
1969 ARPAnet commissioned for research into networking. The first nodes were UCLA, Stanford, University of California, and the University of Utah. The computers were Honeywell 516 mini computers with 12 K of memory. n The first message was sent between UCLA and SRI which was also the first crash. n
1970 n One of the early computer networking designs, the ALOHA network was created at the University of Hawaii , under the leadership of Norman Abramson and others. The idea was to use low-cost ham radio-like systems to create a computer network linking the far-flung campuses of the University
1971 n 15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, Stanford, University of California, University of Utah, SRI, BBN, MIT, RAND, SDC, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, UIU, CWRU, CMU, NASA
1972 n International Computer Conference demonstrate communication between 40 machines n Inter. Networking Work Group created address for establishing agreed upon protocols, Telnet specifications
1973 First International connection between ARPANET and University of London n Bob Metcalfe’s Harvard Ph. D Thesis outlines idea for ethernet n File Transfer Protocol (FTP) specifications developed n Network Voice Protocol developed allowing conference calling calls over ARPAnet n
1975 n Operational management of Internet was transferred to DCA (the defense information system)
1976 n Queen Elizabeth sends an email n Unix to Unix developed at AT&T Bell Labs
1981 n BITNET (Because It’s Time NETwork) started as a cooperative network at City University of NY, with the first connection to Yale. Provides electronic mail and listservers to distribute information
1982 n DCA and ARPA establish the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) as the protocol suite TCP/IP
1983 n ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) split into ARPANET and MILNET (Dept. of Defense) n Desktop workstations come into being
1985 n Symbolics. com is assigned the first registered domain. Other first: cmu. edu, purdue. edu, rice. edu, ucla. edu, scc. gov, mitre. org
1986 n National Science Foundation establishes 5 super-computing centers (Princeton, Pittsburg, University of California, University of Illinois, and Cornell)
1987 n Number of hosts breaks 10, 000
1988 n Nov. 2 - Internet Worm burrows through the net affecting 6, 000 of the 60, 000 host on the Internet n CERT (Computer emergency to the Morris worm. n National Science Foundation backbone was upgraded to a T-1 (was 56 K)
1989 n Number of hosts breaks 100, 000 n First relays between commercial email n Other countries connecting are Australia (AU), Germany(DE), Israel (IL), Italy (IT), Japan (JP), Mexico (MX), Netherlands (NL), New Zealand (NZ), Puerto Rico (PR), United Kingdom (UK)
1990 n ARPANET ceases to exist n Archie is released n Countries connecting: Argentina (AR), Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Brazil (BR), Chile (CL), Greece (GR), India (IN), Ireland (IE), Korea (KR), Spain (ES), Switzerland (CH)
1991 Gopher released by Paul Lindner and Mark Mc. Cahill from the Univ of Minnesota n World Wide Web released by Tim Berners. Lee developer n National Science Foundation network upgraded to T-3 with traffic passing 1 trillion bytes per month and 10 billion packets per month n
1992 n Internet Society (ISOC) is chartered n Number of hosts break 1, 000 n Veronica is released by Univ of Nevada n The term : Surfing the Internet is coined by Jean Armour Polly
1993 n Mosaic takes the Internet by storm; WWW proliferates ata 341, 634% growth rate of service traffic n Gophers growth is 997%
1994 n ARPANET/Internet celebrates 25 th anniversary n WWW edges out telnet to become the 2 nd most popular service on the Net
1995 n n n National Science Network reverts back to a research network and the main US backbone traffic now routed through interconnected network providers Real Audio lets the Net hear in near real time Traditional online dial-up companies (Compuserve, American Online, Prodigy) begin to provide Internet Access Netscape leads the pack of Net related companies Registration for domain names is no longer free
1996 n Internet phones catch the attention of telecommunication companies who ask the US Congress to ban the technology n The WWW browser war, fought primarily between Netscape and Microsoft, has rushed a new age in software development
1997 n 71, 618 mailing lists registered at Liszt, a mailing list directory
1998 Netscape releases source code for its Netscape browser to the public domain n Microsoft releases Windows 98, Months later government orders Microsoft to change Java virtual machine to pass Sun’s Java compatibility n Microsoft is taken to court for anti-trust violations n
2008 n US has 316 million host n The world has 556, 147, 5151 host
Internet 2 n Internet 2 is a collaborative project by over 206 U. S. research universities, working with partners in industry and government, to develop a new family of advanced applications to meet emerging academic requirements in research, teaching, and learning.
Types of Malware- (Malicious or unexpected program or code such as viruses, Trojans and droppers) n Trojan- malware that performs unexpected system behavior. It will not duplicate. n Virus- executable code that has the unique ability to replicate. Usually come in email- over 400 a month
n Computer worms-stand-alone software and thus do not require other pieces of software to attach themselves to. n A Backdoor is a piece of software that allows access to the computer system, bypassing the normal authentication procedures.
Viruses n 1 st Virus- Rich Skrenta 1982 The Elk Cloner virus- practical joke n The Brain-1986 Microsoft DOS- left the telephone of their repair shop n Morris-1988 first widespread n Melissa-1999 wipe out email n Love Bug -2000
n Code Red-2001 One of the first network worms that did not require the opening of email n Blaster-2003 Microsoft offers cash rewards to people who help authorities capture and prosecute virus writers n Sasser 2004 -crashed computers making reboot
Spyware n Software installed on a computer that collects information about a user, their computer or browsing habits without the user's informed consent
Easter Egg n Harmless goodies put on software programs by programmers. n http: //www. eeggs. com/tree/153. html n http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=gsv 2 g 8 Bd. RCo
Cookie n Text stored in the hard drive tells the web server about your activity n Keeps track of your information with preferences
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