History of the Global AMDAR Programme Frank Grooters Chairman of the WMO AMDAR Panel Mexico City AMDAR Workshop, 8 -10 November 2011
Aircraft begin collecting weather observations in 1919
“MODERN” INSTRUMENTS FOR OBSERVING TEMPERATURE
Weather Balloons Replace Aircraft in the Early 1940 s Aircraft soundings were discontinued in the early 1940 s with the advent of the radiosondes. The use of modern navigation and communication systems in the 1960 s and 1970 s sparked renewed interest in the use of aircraft to measure and report meteorological data. Aircraft Weather Data Regains Popularity in the 1960 s
AIRCRAFT to SATELLITE DATA RELAY • Automated Weather Observations by aircraft was first used to relay wind and temperature data in support of the Global Weather Experiment FGGE* in 1978 -1979 • Observing system called (prototype-) ASDAR (USA) • 17 Systems installed in commercial and military US aircraft; later only in commercial aircraft also outside USA (KLM, LH) *First Global GARP Experiment (Global Atmospheric Research Programme)
AIRCRAFT to SATELLITE DATA RELAY (2) • Data communication via Meteorological Geostationairy Satellites (Meteosat, GOES) • Large and heavy equipment • Cost for extra fuel consumption (weight and antenna drag)
AIRCRAFT to SATELLITE DATA RELAY (3) • 1982: 10 WMO Member States • 1991: ASDAR Second Generation • Data communication via Meteorological Geostationairy Satellites (Meteosat, GOES, GMS) • Smaller and lighter equipment • 23 Units; 6 airlines world wide • Cost for extra fuel consumption (weight and antenna drag) • Last ASDAR unit decommissioned in 2007 (Air Mauritius)
AIRCRAFT METEOROLOGICAL DATA RELAY Modern aircraft: Flight Management Computer and ACARS (ARINC, SITA) Software-only solution for AMDAR Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 1985 ANSETT, 1990 Qantas • MDCRS: US Airlines early 90’s (American, Delta, Northwest, United) • Europe: 1993 KLM, 1995 Air France, 1998 BA and SAS, 1999 Lufthansa, 2010 Finland
WHAT DOES ASDAR/AMDAR PROVIDE? Ascent part 1 Ascent part 2 Level flight phase Trigger Level 2 Descent part 1 Descent part 2 Typically every 7 -10 min Trigger Level 1 Pressure Based Triggering 3 to 20 second intervals (default 6) for 30 to 200 seconds (default 90) 25 or 50 h. Pa intervals 20 to 60 second intervals (default 20) above first 100 h. Pa Ascent Part 2: 5 or 10 h. Pa intervals for first 100 h. Pa Ascent Part 1: Time Based Triggering for 490 to 1050 seconds (default 510) Enroute: 1 to 60 minute intervals (default 7) Descent Part 1: 25 or 50 h. Pa intervals 20 to 300 second intervals (default 40) from TOD to last 100 h. Pa from top of descent to surface. Mexico City AMDAR Workshop 9
Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) • No new hardware is required on the aircraft (existing sensors) • The only additional requirement to make AMDAR work is special AMDAR software installed in the Aircraft Avionics • Use of Aircraft Communications System (ACARS) and might be the only operational costing factor for AMDAR TYPICAL AMDAR INSTALLATION FITTED WITH EXISTING SENSORS + + AVIONICS SOFTWARE + + AVIONICS HARDWARE ACARS COMMUNICATIONS AMDAR SOFTWARE Mexico City AMDAR Workshop 10
Evolution in Aircraft/AMDAR Data Courtesy WMO Courtesy NCEP
AMDAR Observing System A few Statistics on the current AMDAR Network • 9 National and Regional AMDAR Programmes • Australia/New Zealand/Nw Caledonia, Canada, China, E-AMDAR, Hong Kong China, Japan, S. Korea, S. Africa, United States (MDCRS) • 40 Airlines • more than 2800 Aircraft • between 350000 and 400000 observations daily (incl. TAMDAR)
Future AMDAR Development • SOFTWARE • ARINC 620 update Meteorological Block • Generic Software Specification for AMDAR • Harmonized BUFR Template for Data Distribution (GTS) • AMDAR Parameters • Water Vapor • Turbulence (EDR) • Icing • Data Mangement • Quality Management Framework • Meta Data • Optimization
WMO Global AMDAR Programme Coordination • 1998: WMO AMDAR Panel • Terms of Reference • Technical Coordinator • WMO Member States • Associated members; Observers • AMDAR Panel Trust Fund (coordination and technical support) • Sub-groups (STSG, Tr. OSG) • Technical and Scientific Workshops • Feed Back to Airlines • 2007: Restructuring WMO (Cg-15) • Transfer from Aeronautical Meteorology to CBS • Technical Coordinator in WMO • AMDAR under WWW => WIGOS/WIS (Harmonisation, Standardisation) • Expert Team on Aircraft Based Observations (ET-AIR) • ET-AIR and AMDAR Panel jointly until transfer complete
Gracias por su atención ¿tienes preguntas?
FROM ASDAR TO AMDAR
AIRCRAFT METEOROLOGICAL DATA RELAY • Modern aircraft: Flight Management Computer and ACARS (ARINC, SITA) • Software-only solution: AMDAR • Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 1985 ANSETT, 1990 Qantas • MDCRS: US Airlines early 90’s (American, Delta, Northwest, United) • Europe: 1993 KLM, 1995 Air France, 1998 BA and SAS, 1999 Lufthansa, 2010 Finland
Скачать презентацию History of the Global AMDAR Programme Frank Grooters
c58b6f84548bd166cbf8b0e38f9e6ab3.ppt