History of formation and development of the intercultural

History of formation and development of the intercultural communication as a scientific and academic discipline. LECTURE 2

Formation and development of the ICC as a scientific and academic discipline • Prerequisites for theory of ICC formation • The emergence of ICC in the USA • Formation of ICC in Europe. • The Stages in the History of ICC Study • Development of ICC in Europe and in Russia. • W. Humboldt’s ideas as a prerequisite of the ICC formation • E. Hall’s contribution to theory of ICC

Paul the apostle (New Testament): “For though I am free from all men, I have made myself a slave to all, that I might win the more. And to the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might win the Jews; to those who are under the Law, as under the Law. . . that I might win those who are under the Law; to those who are without law. . . that I might win those who are without law. To the weak I became weak, that I might win the weak; I have become all things to all men, that I might by all means save some. ”

Empathy is the capacity to share or recognize emotions experienced by another sentient or fictional being. One may need to have a certain amount of empathy before being able to experience accurate sympathy or compassion. In the situations of ICC treat the others the way they would do it

Wilhelm von Humboldt – linguist and philosopher Statue of Wilhelm von Humboldt outside Humboldt University, Unter den Linden, Berlin

History of the ICC theory development • 1946 the Foreign Service Act the Foreign Service Institute in the USA ( FSI ) • a “world view” perspective in the curriculum of higher education • Edward Hall - the founder of intercultural communication studies

ges in the History of Intercultural Communication Study (Hart, 1996) ges in Kuhn's (1970) velopment of a Science from -paradagmatic research to mal science ablishment of a Conceptual mework blem articulation; statements how part of universe works; t-gathering; organization of as Main Events in the Development of Intercultural Communication Study adigm-Acceptance ting of hypotheses within plications originally specified mulations of specialized urses, societies and journals rch for greater clarity 1960 s: "The Application Decade" Training of diplomats, business people, and Peace Corp volunteers. 1970 s: "The birth of intercultural communication" Establishment of specialised IC courses, SIETAR (Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research), and IJIR Late 1970 s: "Definitional Problems" 1980 s: Gudykunst and others' work on theory development eory Construction unding of a Mature "Normal" 1950 s: The "conception" of Intercultural Communication study 1951 -1956: Hall's work at FSI 1959 Publication of “The Silent Language” This stage has not yet occurred for

E. Hall “The Silent Language” (1956) The most salient moments of Hall’s contribution: • The scope of the cultural analysis embraces different cultures in comparison (instead of a single-culture analysis conventional for anthropologists); • The conception of CULTURE is expanded to embrace COMMUNICATION - the latter being a distinguishable, acquired, structuralized analyzable phenomenon; • Contrastive research (even to the point of juxtaposition) of culturallydependent micro-patterns of communicative behavior (gesticulation, mimics, proxemics, etc. ) is done.

E. Hall: to discover the culturally-dependent communicative discrepancies it would be sufficient to know certain volatile areas – namely, those where the differences are likely to be expected most of all (time relations, power distance, gender perception, etc. )

The target of Hall’s research was to find the proper approach to decoding the other culture in order to reach the adequate communication “Cultural Grammar”: “If culture is learned, then it means that it can be taught” – cultural patterns can be taught the same way Grammar structures Sapir/Whorf hypothesis ( the interrelation between language and thought): • language and thought are so intertwined that one’s language determines the categories of thought open to him or her • language is not simply a means of reporting experience, but more important, it is a way of defining experience.

William B. Gudykunst, Gerhardt Maletzke, Juliana Roth А. Ф. Лосев, Ю. М. Лотман, В. Н. Телия, Ю. А. Сорокин, Е. М. Верещагин, В. Г. Костомаров И. И. Халеева, Г. Г. Тер. Минасова, Н. Д. Арутюнова, Т. Г. Грушевицкая, В. Д. Попков, А. П. Садохин

End of Lecture 2

Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Define the notion implied in Apostle Paul’s preaching. What ideas of W. Humboldt’s correlate with the ICC principles? What induced the emergence of ICC as a field of study? Why did the practical aspect appear before theoretic one? Whose works initiated the study of ICC? What contributions of E. Hall’s are essential for further development of ICC theory and practice?