Historical objects of architecture POLAND
• Architectural objects have been of great tourist interest since antiquity. Pausanias enclosed them in the first ever know guidebook II century after Christ. • Actually guide-books cover a lot of historical architectural objects as one of the most distinctive tourist attractions
Poland • The treasure of Poland is its architectonic heritage. In spite of terrible wars Poles have persisted and Poland together with its heritage has reborn as a phoenix rising from the ashes. Most guests would be amazed to learn how many beautiful historical buildings are exact replicas, which were rebuilt in times when the life in Poland was not that easy.
• There are thousands historical buildings in terms of architecture and urbanistic value in Poland. They are of various value and characteristics. These are separate buildings and the whole groups of architectural objects. • They are located in various regions of Poland with different density. There are regions with a large numbers of eminent historical buildings and others poor with high ranked architectual sightseeings. They have various connections with geographical landscape.
It is important problem for tourist service sector to measure historical sightseeings attractiveness. People perceive attractiveness of the destinations by number of tourist visits. Hoewever it used to functioned a offical classification of sightseeings in Poland. Even if it is not valid anymore. Some architectural objects of historical importance receive the status of „Monuments of Polish history” still. The title is appointed by the central government of the country. It is a hard task to evaluate tourist attractions with the criteria of its historical value and relation to the lanscape. It is practicaly impossible to analyze detailed thousands of objects all over Poland. Therefore a group of most impressive objects have been taken into consideration and they are evaluated. The evaluation refers usually not to single objects but mostly to the whole sets of objects located in a defined area, especially big old cities. For example in Baranów Sandomierski there is just one very interesting reinessance castle (XVI centruy)and in Kraków we have thousands of sightseeings both country and internationally attractive.
What makes the historical place attractive from tourist point of view according to Polish scholars? It is not the number of buildings located in a one place of consideration (Mikułowski, Lijewski). First of all it is its - historical value. - location close to tourist paths, trails etc. - location in a attractive countryside, - reference to historical eventes in the area (battles, trade routes etc. ), - facilities connected with openence for publicity, the way of presenting the interiors, whether it houses a museum etc.
Historical towns and cities • We can distinguish one group of urbanistic areas of the highest value in Poland. These are the areas od old cities of big cities in Poland. • Gdansk Old City - Pomerania. The medieval city centre contains rich collection of Gothic and Renaissance buildings, including the largest brick church in the world, Artus Court, the enormous Town Hall and other buildings.
• Kraków Old Town - Lesser Poland. One of best preserved medieval cities in Europe with a huge number of valuable historical buildings. Served as a major centre of power, art and science. Contains the largest medieval market square in Europe, surrounded by exquisite historical buildings. Center contains some 6000 valuable buildings, millions of artworks. • Toruń medieval town - Kuyavia-Pomerania. Inhabited since 1100 BC, modern city developed around the castle since the early 13 th century. Well preserved medieval town with hundreds of historical buildings, including numerous Gothic buildings from brick. Largest concentration of Gothic architecture in Poland.
Poznań Old Town - Greater Poland. Medieval city with many valuable historical buildings, centred around the large market place. Market place is surrounded by interesting Renaissance buildings. Basilica of St. Mary Magdalene in Poznań - Greater Poland. One of the best examples of Baroque architecture in Poland, built in 1651 - 1732. Town Hall - Greater Poland. Large and ornate building in Late Renaissance (Mannerism) style. Constructed in 1550 - 1560. Interesting detail is a pair of mechanical goats which butt their heads at noon. Warszawa- Masovia. The oldest part of Warsaw, founded at the turn of the 13 th century, is the Old Town. Its streets form a regular chessboard pattern typical for medieval towns. Among the most notable landmarks of the Old Town are the Royal Castle, King Sigismund's Column, Market Square, and the Barbican. Another important historic district is the New Town. It was formed at the turn of the 14 th century as an independent city and after 1791, due to the tenets of the
Wrocław Market Square - Lower Silesia. Beautiful monument of urban planning, large square surrounded by medieval buildings. Cathedral - Large Gothic cathedral with Neo-Gothic additions. Mostly built in 1244 - 1272, with later rebuildings and additions, Town Hall- Large, ornate Gothic building, built mainly in late 13 th - middle of 16 th century.
• There is a huge group of about one hundred sites of unique attractiveness- castles, palaces, churches and monastries, small old towns dispersed all around Poland
Castles • • Kwidzyń castle Baranów Sandomierski Castle - Podkarpackie. One of most beautiful Renaissance (Mannerist) style buildings in Poland, built in 1591 - 1606. Chojnik Castle - Lower Silesia. Large fortress - castle on the top of mountain. Built in the 13 th - 14 th century, partly in ruins. Ciechanów Castle - Masovia. Massive castle, built in the 14 th century. Two enormous towers rising over the 10 m tall walls. Czocha Castle - Lower Silesia. Magnificent hilltop castle, stone castle built in 1329 and rebuilt and extended several times since then. Gniew Castle - Pomerania. Well preserved and large castle, constructed in brick Gothic style after 1290. Krasicki Palace - Podkarpackie. Large, ornate castle in Renaissance style, built in 1580 - 1633. This magnificent building has been preserved without major changes.
• • Książ Castle - Lower Silesia. Massive, well reconstructed medieval castle, built in 1288 - 1292, the largest castle in Silesia. 900 m long network of underground passages in two levels, built by Nazi as secret military facilities and possible headquarters of Hitler. Kwidzyń Castle - Pomerania. Massive 14 th century castle in brick Gothic style. Impressive detail is the sewer tower, which is connected to the castle with tall bridge. This tower originally was built over the river. Malbork Castle - Pomerania. Largest castle in the world by the area (21 ha), also the largest brick building in Europe. Constructed by Teutonic Knights, mainly in 1274 - 1300 as their administrative centre. Niedzica Castle - Lesser Poland. Magnificent castle rising tall over river. Constructed in 1320 - 1326 in the place of prehistoric stronghold. Site of legends. Ogrodzieniec Castle Ruins - Silesia. Mountaintop castle, built in the 14 th century in Gothic style. Now in ruins, these ruins belong to most picturesque castle ruins. Oleśnica Castle - Lower Silesia. Magnificent castle, built in the 13 th - 15 th century, rebuilt in Late Renaissance style in 1542 - 1616. Wawel Castle - Lesser Poland, Kraków. Enormous royal castle, built since the 14 th century in Gothic and Renaissance styles. Contains collection of valuable royal regalia and treasure. Castle served as a model to some other royal castles in this part of Europe.
Palaces • • • Krasiński Palace - Masovia, Warsaw. Large, ornate Baroque palace, built in 1677 - 1683. Łazienki Palace - Masovia, Warsaw. Palace in Neo. Classical style, built in 1775 - 1795. Palace is built over water and has interesting, rich interiors. Moszna Castle - Opole. Gorgeous palace. Central part is built in Baroque style in 17 th century, but most impressive are Neo-Gothic and Neo. Renaissance additions from the early 20 th century - tall, romantic towers and other details. Pszczyna Castle - Silesia. Originally a castle from the 13 th century, this building has been rebuilt into an opulent, beautiful palace. A diversity of stylistic influences from different times can be seen, from Renaissance to Art Noveau. Wilanów Palace - Masovia, Warsaw. Enormous, ornate palace, constructed in 1677 - 1696 in Baroque style. Served as royal palace, has very ornate interior and Baroque garden.
Small old towns • • • Chocholow - Lesser Poland. Authentic, historical Gorale village, which consists of characteristic wooden houses. Kazimierz Dolny - Lublin region. Small town with numerous Renaissance buildings, some are very ornate. Kłodzko historical centre - Lower Silesia. Well preserved historical centre of medieval (mainly - Renaissance) city with many valuable buildings. Huge network of underground tunnels under the city, which were built by merchants. Many passages collapsed in the middle of 20 th century, causing much damage to the city. Bridge in Gothic style, which was built in 1390. Paczków Old City - Opole region. Medieval town with almost completely conserved double ring of 1. 2 km long city walls. Numerous historical buildings including unique fortified church in Gothic style. Zamość - Lublin region. Renaissance town, founded in 1580 and built as ideal town, which has preserved its original planning and architecture up to this day. Surrounded by enormous fortress.
Monastries • Abbatia Lubensis (Lubiąż Abbey) - Lower Silesia. The largest Cistercian monastery in the world with 223 metres long Baroque facade, developed since 1150. One of the largest and most ornate Christian religious buildings in the world. • Jasna Góra Monastery - Silesia. Major site of pilgrimage: large monastery which was founded in 1382 and housed in ornate, impressive buildings. Here is located Black Madonna of Częstochowa - an image which has miraculous powers attributed to it. • Kalwaria Zebrzydowska - Lesser Poland. One of most impressive examples of Mannerist architecture and planning - a pilgrimage complex with churches and chapels, which in its planning was designed to be similar to Jerusalem. Established in 1600
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