High Performance Commercial Buildings Initiative Energy efficiency, demand response, and Smart Buildings The CITRIS project funded by the California Energy Commission Paul K. Wright A. Martin Berlin Professor of Mechanical Engineering Acting Director, CITRIS December 21, 2007
Conservation & Energy Efficiency: Power-Aware Buildings 90. 000 Mini. CAM Emissions (Mt. CO 2 yr-1) 80. 000 70. 000 60. 000 50. 000 40. 000 30. 000 Emissions to the atmosphere 20. 000 10. 000 2005 2020 2035 2050 2065 2080 2095 * CITRIS honors Energy Commissioner Arthur Rosenfeld
Wireless Technology for Energy Efficiency & Demand Response § § Summer heat creates over-demand for AC § Demand Response scenario: § Smart Thermostat receives price signals every ¼ hour (or, emergency signals ASAP) § Users’ responses to price points lower energy costs Avoid brown-outs (level the demand) during peak usage with enabling technology: § Meters, thermostats, temperature-nodes: In ad hoc self-organizing wireless networks
DR Applications running on “motes” made in 2003 -2006 hes nc 2003 2 i ~ 2004/5 2006 field deployments of REM multi-agent system with sense and actuation utilizing multi-hop wsn.
Disaggregated Thermostat § 7 sensors, 1 meter, 1 thermostat, 1 router § 30 days/“Live” § 4 people
Earlier successes § So far, the DR-ETD project has proven that microcomputers, cheaper radios, Tiny. OS, MEMS sensors, energy scavenging and WSNs are the enabling technology for a DR responsive system § Enabling technology for § New Meter § New Thermostat § New Temp. Node § Example of Temp. Node from 2004/5 publications
Incoming price signals Demand Response in a “Smart House” New thermostat shows price of electricity in ¢/k. Whr + expected monthly bill. New meter conveys real-time usage, back to service provider. Wireless beacons (smart dust) allow for fine-tuned comfort/control. Appliance lights show price level & appliances powered-down
§ http: //www. epa. gov/cleanrgy/pdf/keystone/Prusnek. Prese ntation. pdf estimates CA would need 10 new power plants by 2013 to meet “business as usual” growth. But that Demand Response and Energy Efficiency eliminate the need for 5 new plants which, in turn, saves 9 million tons of CO 2 emissions or a $10 billion in net savings to consumers.
SPP State-wide pricing pilot § 2003 and 2004 § Residential § “No-tech” --- gave 12% demand (peak) reduction § Phone calls or pager signals § “Max-tech” --- gave 40% demand (peak) reduction § Used ADRS system ($1, 800 per home: gateway box and computer-based information, thermostat, etc. . ) § “Disaggregated Thermostats” etc should be reduced to <$200 as a package per house) in order to launch DR on a state wide basis
The Result? California energy regulators approved a PG&E plan in July 2006 to upgrade all of the company’s residential electricity and natural gas meters, a 5 year project that promises to change the way the utility’s customers pay for power … Courtesy PG&E S. F. Chronicle, July 20, 2006 … and the research will continue at CITRIS Courtesy PG&E “Micro-mote” sensor
Beginning Micro-integration: Pico. Cube January 2007
Micro-integration radio COB die on a dime § § switch/power board sensor board #1 top/bottom radio board sensor board #2 top/bottom Graphic used for the hands-on part of the demo. . Stacked PCBs 1 cm square u. C board top/bottom storage board top/blank bottom
Pico Cube 2006 >> DR cube 2009 General Purpose Dust Sunspot Crossbow $10’s Cross. Bow Moteiv Micro-integration allows even cheaper platforms Pico. Cube $1’s DR Cube $0. 1’s Hitachi u-chip It doesn’t get less expensive than this ASIC $0. 01’s 2003 2006 2009 2012
Summary: Micro-integration of Hardware, Software, & Applications § § § 10 x cost reduction, 10 x capability increase Macro to micro UCB research § Micro-computers § Micro-radios § Micro-sensors § Micro-power supplies § DR software applications § <$2 BOM per platform 2007 > 2009 Micro-integrated platform for meters, thermostats, temperature-nodes. Enables control and learning.
The way forward § So far, the DR-ETD project has proven that microcomputers, cheaper radios, Tiny. OS, MEMS sensors, energy scavenging and WSNs are the enabling technology for a DR responsive house § Now we must make DR significantly less expensive and more appealing to customers (integrated/seamless) § Accelerate innovations in the electricity sector by integrating technologies into “packages” that don’t exist in marketplace § Package technology in forms/footprints that meet energy/DR requirements
Vision for 2020… $/ton $/k. Wh $/gal cfm/river ppm/city Try this… ton/town k. W/house
Design concept: Permanent magnets and piezoelectric Materials § Permanent magnets can couple to the magnetic fields surrounding AC current carriers § Piezoelectric materials can transducer the forces on the permanent magnet to an output voltage piezoelectric bimorph permanent magnets rigid cantilever mounting appliance power cord (cross-section view)
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